Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay
From almost the beginning of his writing career, Hemingway’s distinctive style occasioned a great deal of comment and controversy. Basically, his style is simple, direct, and unadorned, probably as a result of his early newspaper training. He avoids the adjective whenever possible, but because he is a master at transmitting emotion without the flowery prose of his Victorian novelist predecessors, the effect is far more telling. In Observations on the Style of Ernest Hemingway, from â€Å"Contexts of Criticism†by Harry Levin (Harvard University Press, 1957), the critic says: â€Å"Hemingway puts his emphasis on nouns because, among other parts of speech, they come closest to things. Stringing them along by means of conjunctions, he approximates the actual flow of experience.†Hemingway has often been described as a master of dialog, and most readers agree, upon being first introduced to his writing, that â€Å"this is the way these characters would really talk.†It is interesting to note, however, that Hemingway’s one attempt at playwriting was a failure. Actually, a close examination of his dialog will reveal that this is rarely the way people really speak. The effect is accomplished, rather, by the calculated emphasis and repetition which makes us remember what has been said. Since the critics cannot entirely agree on Hemingway’s style, perhaps the best way is to put it into the author’s own words. Shortly before his tragic death, Hemingway gave to the Wisdom Foundation in California a collection of his observations on life and art, love and death. They were published in the January 1963, issue of Playboy magazine, and in them Hemingway said of his writing: I do most of my work in my head. I never begin to write until my ideas are in order. Frequently I recite passages of dialogue as it is being written; the ear is a good censor. I never set down a sentence on paper until I have it so expressed that it will be clear to anyone. Yet, I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts. I take great pains with my work, pruning and revising with a tireless hand. I have the welfare of my creations very much at heart. I cut them with infinite care, and burnish them until they become brilliants. What many another writer would be content to leave in massive proportions, I polish into a tiny gem. Hemingway goes on at some length, but the essence of what he says may be in this paragraph: A writer’s style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brilliant brevity, are hard workers, diligent scholars and competent stylists. To explain Hemingway’s style adequately in a few paragraphs is impossible. Scores of articles, and even some books, have been written on the subject, and it is to these that the serious student should go for additional, more detailed information.
Looking for Alaska Essay
John Green’s 2006 novel Looking for Alaska personally affected me as I could relate to one of the main characters Miles (Pudge). The theme of belonging was also very relevant as this novel touches on the concern of Miles fitting into his new school and finding out how everything works at Culver Creek Preparatory. I directly can relate to Miles in this sense as I am still new and am trying to figure out how my new school works and also finding a friendship group that I am comfortable in. This novel is great because it raises questions about individuals understanding of true friendship, love, loyalty and having a sense of belonging. It shows the importance of truly living life to the fullest rather that just watching it fly by. The conflicts within the characters themselves lead readers inward to examine how much everyone needs a sense knowing where we belong. Pudge buys the cigarettes to show that he can be a part of his new friendship group’s crowd. A certain amount of peer pressure was probably involved, with Pudge worried about ‘fitting in’ and making friends. â€Å"The Colonel talked me into paying five dollars for a pack of Marlboro Lights I had no intention of ever smoking. †I think that by Miles giving into this peer pressure he would hope that it would make him feel more normal and apart of that what his friends were partaking in. The use of first person narrative point of view allowed me to experience things as Miles does. It gave me a deeper understanding of how he is affected by people, events and his own reactions and feelings as the novel progresses. This is no more clearly seen than in the event of Alaska dying, I was limited to Miles’ own feelings and emotions surrounding her death. The idea of guilt and loss becomes apparent as we see him struggle to deal with her death and the role he played in it, with him trying to figure out where he belongs. He experiences a loss of innocence as he is forced to re-evaluate his philosophy on life and find his own place in the world. Alaska’s death aids in Miles’ coming-of-age journey. â€Å"I felt the total loss of her, still reeling from the idea that she was not only gone from this world, but from them all†This can be very relatable for other audiences who might have suffered a great loss like Miles’. Looking for Alaska depicts many messages about one’s vital need to belong, some of which I can personally relate to. As well as other aspects of the novel that other audiences can personally relate to.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Causes and Effects of Alcohol Abuse Essay
Alcoholism is the excessive and usually uncontrollable use of alcoholic drinks. There are many symptoms, complications, treatments and ways of prevention for alcoholism. Certain groups of people may be at a greater risk than others for several different reasons. There are numerous factors in why people may become addicted. Usually, a variety of factors contribute to the development of alcoholism. Social factors such as the influence of peers, family, society, the availability of alcohol, mental illness, stress, and not knowing how to cope with certain situations. It’s a common thing for an alcoholic to think drinking is the answer to all their problems, but in retrospect drinking is only adding to the multiple complications caused by being a compulsive drinker. Research has been done to explore the reason behind why people drink. However, â€Å"Exactly how alcohol affects the brain and the likelihood of reversing the impact of heavy drinking on the brain remain hot topics in alcohol research today. †(NIAAA) The effects of alcoholism have been divided into groups. There are physical effects, psychological effects and effects that contribute to many other health, safety, social and econimical problems. Some physical effects of excessively drinking alcohol can be extremely serious, or even fatal. One physical effect of alcoholism is causing cancer in the liver, kidney and stomach. Alcohol abuse is the leading factor to developing Cirrhosis of the liver. Alcohol related Cirrhosis usually develops after more then almost a decade of heavy drinking, but for some it may develop quicker; all depending on how your body reacts to alcohol. â€Å"In cirrhosis of the liver, scar tissue replaces normal, healthy tissue, blocking the flow of blood through the organ and preventing it from working as it should. Cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death by disease, killing about 26,000 people each year. †Another physical effect of alcoholism is the altering of nutrients digestions which your body needs in order to remain healthy. Another physical damage that alcohol abuse brings is damaging of the neurons and thereby causing body movement alterations, depression and loss of appetite. Since drinking too much alcohol can raise some fats in the blood, that means it can also lead to high blood pressure, heart failure, and increased calorie intake which could lead to the development of diabetes. Liver diseases and illnesses aren’t the only complications of long term alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse can also lead to birth defects. The most sever cases of birth defects are Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopment Disorder. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is what can happen when a woman drinks an excessive amount of alcohol during the pregnancy. It’s been estimated that one in every seven hundred and fifty infants is born with a patterns of physical, developmental, and functional problems referring to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Some symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome may include premature birth weight, developmental delay, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems. Alcoholism also causes psychological effects as it changes your normal behavior and this is when you feel anxious and become depressed. Other psychological effects of alcoholism include violence, suicide, family and legal problems. Alcohol abuse can also cause economic effects. This is because getting an alcoholic drink is not cheap. If you drink several drinks on a daily basis you will definitely notice that you are spending a lot of money that can be used for other important stuff. An alarming amount of accidents, crimes and suicides, are the result of alcohol abuse by one or more family members. The latest death statistics released by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), In the United States, in 2010, more than 10,000 people died in alcohol-impaired driving crashes. That is equivalent to one every 51 minutes. Alcohol-impaired motor vehicle crashes cost more than an estimated $37 billion annually. These statistics are avoidable by not abusing alcohol or drinking in an environment that puts others at risk of becoming a statistic. Alcoholism is just as damaging to family members as it is to the alcoholic. Adult Children of Alcoholics often are in denial that their problems come from there parents or parent being an alcoholic. Many of them have severe problems with depression, aggression, or impulsive behavior. Most children of alcoholics make poor career choices and aren’t capable of being responsible parents, because they weren’t raised correctly themselves. Due to the large amount of money spent on alcohol and also possible joblessness the family may have to give up certain privileges that a non-alcoholic family wouldn’t. Being an alcoholic can totally disrupt family life and cause harmful effects that can last a lifetime. Thousands of alcoholics are helped to stop drinking every year. The chances of recovery are good if alcohol abuse or alcoholism is treated in its early or middle stages. Unfortunately, most alcoholics do not receive treatment therefore; over 90 percent of them will die as a result of their alcoholism. On the more positive side about 700,000 Americans receive alcoholism treatment on any given day. However, the techniques of alcoholism therapy only work if the patient is ready to seek help. One of the most traditional ways for an alcoholic to seek treatment is through the Alcoholic Anonymous 12 step program. Other then AA, there are many different programs available to help a person trying to seek recovery. Alcoholism is a disease that could consume ones life, but with support and treatment, many individuals are able to stop drinking and rebuild their lives. Work Cited Page â€Å"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism†. 2007. NIAAA. July. 2007 Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/? expert=Susan_B_Ward http://www. nhtsa. gov/Impaired.
Monday, July 29, 2019
What historically (historical facts) inspired Patrick Henry to write Essay
What historically (historical facts) inspired Patrick Henry to write the speech Give me liberty or give me death - Essay Example One of the reasons for popularity the speech and the folk hero status of its speaker emerges from his firebrand persona – he was not so much an intellectual as he was an impassioned leader of men. For example, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson – prominent founding fathers – were both prolific writers. A compilation of their work brings up a tally of close to hundred volumes. While Washington and Jefferson were also known for their engaging public addresses, it was their writing prowess that would remain as lasting legacy. Patrick Henry, on the other hand, was not part of the pre-independence political establishment in America. He was one among the masses. The popular appeal of the person and his words is attributable to this heritage of Patrick Henry. It is in this context that poet Lord Byron referred to Henry as ‘the forest-born Demosthenes’ (Eddlem, 1990). Henry Stephens Randall, a clergyman, was present during Patrick Henry’s speech. He gives a first-hand account of the atmosphere during the speech. His account is consistent with the widely held view of Patrick Henry being a firebrand orator and an inspirational public speaker. According to Randall, "Henry rose with an unearthly fire burning in his eye. He commenced somewhat calmly, but the smothered excitement began more and more to play upon his features and thrill in the tones of his voice.
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Airflow in Ducts Research Paper Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Airflow in Ducts Research Paper - Lab Report Example Experiment 2 There is a slight fall in pressure in the approach section and the static pressure is at a minimum about one pipe diameter before the orifice plate. The pressure of the fluid then rises near the face of the orifice. There is then a sudden fall of pressure as the fluid passes through the orifice, but the minimum pressure is not attained until the vena contracta is reached. Beyond the vena contracta, there is a rapid recovery in the static pressure. Owing to friction and dissipation of energy in turbulence, the maximum downstream pressure is always lesser than the upstream pressure. The pressure loss so caused depends upon the differential pressure and increases as the orifice ratio decreases for a given rate of flow. Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Lit erature review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Discussion of Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Introduction Experiment 1 The main intention of this experiment is to explore the relationship between fluids and the media through which they travel by exploring the events that occur in the movement of a fluid from one point to another and the characteristics of the fluid itself. These ma y include may include pressure, momentum, viscosity, turbulence, velocity of the fluid and friction. It also considers the impact of foreign bodies and flow equipment along the path of the fluid This experiment will allow students to learn the method of measuring air flow velocity using Pitot tube. The student will understand the working principle of Pitot tube as well as the importance of Bernoulli equation in deriving and calculating the velocity by exploring the developing boundary layer in the entry length of a pipe. Experiment 2 The main objective of this was to determine the vital discharge coefficient for an orifice plate meter installed within an air flow pipe and using the static pressure tapping’s provided, to investigate the pressure distribution along the pipe downstream of the orifice plate. Literature review Essentially fluid dynamics in physics is considered as a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics, and deals with the relations between velocities and acceleration s and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion. This field encompasses aerodynamics, (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluids are either liquids or gases A liquid is a state of matter in which the molecules are relatively but still are on average close enough together to interact continuously with nearest neighbors so as to maintain a relatively fixed volume. In contrast, a gas exists as a state of matte
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Comparing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Comparing - Essay Example They argue for urgent international agreements on limiting such publications and making the requirement of such verifiable data in publications restricted to the higher authorities. The arguments sound valid, since it refers to the possibilities of mass destruction if such data ends up in the wrong hands. History has taught us that this could be the case, if proper precautionary measures are not taken. Ray Kurzweil’s talk titled ‘The Coming Singularity’ deals with a similar topic. He reflects on the possibility of the reverse engineering of the human brain. He feels that the pace at which computer technology develops is phenomenal, and in the coming years, there will be machines that are superior to human beings. It won’t be an extra-terrestrial invasion that we will have to deal with in the future, but an invasion that comes of our on inventions that replace the human brain, complete with emotional intelligence. While this may have its good effects, one has to be aware of the downsides too. While computer technology grows exponentially, the possibilities of its related fields, like biotechnology misusing the developments to re-create a genome of a deadly virus and to use it as part of bio-terror exists. There has to be a system in place to fight any such possibilities, the way the software viruses are fought
Friday, July 26, 2019
United States History up to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
United States History up to 1877 - Essay Example Correspondingly, young girls were the chief accusers involved in demonstrating against various people for numerous offenses comprising practice of witchcraft. The leaders in the community promptly reacted to these accusation. As a consequence, many people were killed while certain other people were jailed which forced these people to acquire debt for jail charges. Eventually, as a consequence of this incident there was a loss of land along with hampering dignity of people as well as loss of lives (Linder 1-7). The incident of witch hunt in Salem is ascertained to have happened due to various reasons and was widely prejudiced by the dread of the devil and the generally accepted belief that the devil would allocate witches with power to hurt people as a reward of their faithfulness. Salem was established by puritans during 1628. This era also reflected the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Under the regime of King Charles I, the puritans were granted with a royal approval to colonize the area. However, Charles II revoked this charter in 1684 responding to the violation of charter rules by the colonists. These violations were mainly executed against the laws related with beliefs, religion and discrimination against Anglicans. These factors mainly represented the governmental causes behind the upheaval of the Salem witch trials. It can be argued that there were many other social and cultural factors that had significantly contributed towards the occurrence of Salem witch trials. In this regard, gender issue can be ascertained to be one of the major constituents related with the occurrence of Salem witch trials. Responsively, many scholars propounded that a majority of the victims who were accused and executed for practicing witchcraft were women. It has been further determined that the victims involving women were the ones who were perceived as â€Å"not fit into the typical Puritan framework of a good and obedient wifeâ€
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 21
Ethics - Essay Example But the virtue which is made up of these goods, when they are severed from wisdom and exchanged with one another, is a shadow of virtue only, nor is there any freedom or health or truth in her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Socrates did not fear death nor the danger of death. Reasoning practically, he said that he did not fear death as a soldier, and it would be strange if he feared death as a philosopher. In the Apology, Socrates was quoted as saying the following: â€Å"For the fear of death is indeed the pretence of wisdom, and not real wisdom, being a pretence of knowing the unknown; and no one knows whether death, which men in their fear apprehend to be the greatest evil, may not be the greatest good.†Furthermore, Socrates said that death should not be feared because nobody knows if it is good or bad. To him, death appears to be good, because it is either a deep sleep (the absence of consciouness), or a new life with those who had gone before. For Socrates, the first is a beneficial rest, while the second is an opportunity to converse with the great minds and discuss many lofty issues. It is a further chance to seek knowledge and wisdom. It is Socrates’ reasoning that fear and wisdom could not co-exist, that fear is the absence of wisdom. But since he also said that virtue could not exist without wisdom, then fear and morality could not also co-exist. A moral man is a virtuous man, and in the absence of wisdom there is also an absence of virtue. that you engaged in the kind of practice as a result of which you now risk dying?’†, to which he answered that he did not care for the collective opinion of men, only whether what he did what was good or bad. In this context, â€Å"shame†meant public embarrassment. On the other hand, after he was meted his sentence he said, â€Å"I go to death, to which you have sentenced me, and you to shame and dishonor,†in which case he used â€Å"shame†was used to meant disgrace in not doing what was right. In this sense,
What Mary Surratt Did to Change U.S. History Term Paper
What Mary Surratt Did to Change U.S. History - Term Paper Example Actually, it was the first case of the official female execution in the United States. Her son, John Surratt was also thought to participate in the assassination. †Mary Surratt was born to Archibald (who died when Mary was two years old) and Elizabeth Anne Jenkins in the southern Maryland town of Waterloo†(DeWitt, 1984 p.34). Her family was rather big – she had two brothers. Mary went to the Ladies School in Virginia. Her life was quite difficult since she became wife when she was only 16 years old. She was forced to marry John Harrisson Surratt, a Roman Catholic farmer. The spouses had three children – one daughter and two sons. The Surratts turned out to be good businessmen – they had a tobacco farm, operated several shops and in this way increased their income greatly. Despite being a prosperous family, they still had tough financial problems because of the husband constant drinking. â€Å"One biographer suggested that John Surratt was physically and emotionally abusive to his wife†(Larson, 2008 p.75). ... Mary had no other way as to sell her house to its former owner for a very small amount of money and move to the District of Columbia. That house was the ownership of her late husband and she remade the second floor to have a boarding house there. That business kept her on her toes and provided her children with sustainable level of living. At the trial Mary’s son John admitted that he was involved in the plot of Lincoln kidnapping but did never take part in the plot of his assassination. He was following the president that day of the murder but he had nothing to do with his death. Moreover, he denied that his mother had any relation to this matter. That day she was reported to visit one of her tenants to withdraw the rent and then she came home and got in her daily home routine. ‘Though, later John Lloyd later testified against her, saying she gave him a package containing field glasses and told him to make ready the shooting irons†(Swanson, 2007 p.43 ). Moreover, after the assassination she sheltered John Wilkes Booth, who was considered to be the assassin – he was seen to stop at her boarding house just after the murder. After a two-week trial Mary Surratt was admitted to be guilty, though she claimed to be innocent. The judge was governed by the clues found at her home place and several testimonials from the respectable citizens. The execution was demanded to be through hanging and Mary Surratt was allowed to have a priest before the execution. The ceremony took place in the square with the tickets being sold in advance. Mary’s death wasn’t as easy as of the rest of convicts. She suffered for more than 5 minutes in the noose. Concluding everything stated above it must be mentioned that Marry Surratt played a great role in the USA history. It is
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 58
Assignment Example Give your answer to the nearest hundredth and remember the unit (use the abbreviation). 13.56m 6-Four ropes, all at right angles to each other, pull on a ring. The forces are A = 40 N, E; B = 80 N, N; C = 70 N, W; and D = 20 N, S. Find the resultant direction of force on the ring. Give your answer in degrees. 64.03N 6-Velocity has a magnitude and a direction that can be represented by a vector. Consider a boat moving initially with a velocity of 30 m/s directly west. At some later instant the boat is found to have a velocity of 12 m/s at 30 °Ã‚ S of W. What is the change in velocity? Give the direction as measured from the east direction. Give your answer in degrees. 10.392 degrees 15-A horizontal force of 40 N will just start an empty 600-N sled moving across packed snow. After motion is begun, only 10 N is needed to keep motion at constant speed. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction. 22-A cable is stretched horizontally across the top of two vertical poles 20 m apart. A 250-N sign suspended from the midpoint causes the rope to sag a vertical distance of 1.2 m. What is the tension in each cable segment?.
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
The bottled water industry and its effects Essay
The bottled water industry and its effects - Essay Example Another is by strengthening the practices of water conservation. By the year 2012, consumption of bottled water in the United States had risen to almost ten billion gallons representing 5.3% per capita consumption. It was estimated that every individual drank about thirty gallons yearly. Packaged water saw an upsurge in real volume more than any other category of beverage in the country. Sales had increased by 6.7 per cent totaling about eleven billion dollars (Eshleman, 7). The reasons provided for the monumental consumption of this water are that most consumers pay close attention to healthy choices for themselves as well as their families and are assured that a refreshing, safe and convenient bottle of water contains no calories, making it the most suitable choice on the menu. Many also appreciate the reliability and consistency of its quality. Both federal and state governments comprehensively regulate bottled water. The FDA (Food & Drug Administration) regulates it in the food product category, with guidelines that govern its quality as well as its safety, which are as rigorous as those of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) of tap water (Andrews et al., 174). In spite of this, the bottled water industry has been facing a few challenges with regard to the field of sustainability. In the recent past, colossal opposition against bottled water has developed among an eclectic assortment of such advocates as restaurateurs, activists and even religious leaders. The propositions of the sector’s operations have evoked vocal protestation from local communities. Their rationale is that the production of bottled water requires a lot of energy and generates large amounts of waste that could have long-term environmental effects. Various cities like Chicago have begun taking up action in this respect by taxing bottled water. Others, such as San Francisco have completely banned bottled water from official functions. Toronto has not only banned the
Monday, July 22, 2019
Bajaj auto Essay Example for Free
Bajaj auto Essay The project report entitled Strategic Management Cycle of Baja] Auto Ltd . has been submitted to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad in partial tultlllment tor the award of degree of Master of Business Administration. I the undersigned hereby eclare that this report has been completed by me under the guidance of Prof. Jignasha mam (Faculty Member, Shayona Institute of Business Management, Ahmedabad) The report is entirely the result of my own efforts and has not been submitted either in part or whole to any other institute or university for any degree. Date: Place: Ahmedabad PREFACE As it is always said that if you give some-one theory knowledge it will make person understandwell. But if you give some-one theory as well as practical knowledge then it will help the person to understand and remember that always. In the same way to get practical knowledge,the report which we prepare not only make us understand the various functions but also gives us different vision regarding them and along with it gives us experience of practical assignment and managers work. By preparing report on Analytical Study on Strategic Management Cycle of Baja] Auto Ltd. we have tried to develop skill to understand well and also how to implement theoretical knowledge work. For this we are thankful to Gujarat Technological University for including such a project as practical studies in the syllabus of M. B. A. Acknowledgement The succession completion of this report would not have been possible without co- operation and support of our professor , friends and our institute. We forward gratitude to respected director of our institute. We are heartily thankful to the management for providing us the opportunity to make a study to practical in their organization. We express our sincere thanks to the company who have given us all the information on-line. We are also thankful our professor out with whose help, this becomes possible and who provided full guidance, co-operation and valuable suggestion bout company report. We are also thankful to our college friends and all those who have helped us directly or indirectly in the preparation of this report. Executive Summary In our project we nave conducted a research on now baJaJ auto ltd works By using stretegic management ; their different moves.. Hence on the basis of the Information we have found out our finding and have done an in-depth analysis on Strategic Management Cycle of Baja] Auto Ltd.. It is followed by recommendations and conclusion. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 . Objective of SM 2. Introduction of ABC Co. 3. History of ABC co. . Strategic Thinking i. Vision i. Mission iii. Corporate Purpose v. Values: (Standard of Conduct, Law, Employees, Consumers, Shareholders, Business Partners, Community Involvement, Public Activities, the environment, innovation, competition, business integrity etc. ) 5. Strategic Planning i. Strategy adopted by ABC Co. i. Action plan by ABC Co. iii . Responsibilities of ABC Co. CSR (Internal as well as External) iv . Michael Porters 5 Forces analysis v. McKinseys7S Model VI. SWOT Analysts of ABC co. PEST Analysts ViiiBCG MATRIX 6. Analysis of Strategies of ABC Co 7. Strategic Implementation i. Resource Allocation 7. Strategic Evaluation i . Balance Scorecar 1. OBJECTIVE OF SM . Statements of vision tend to be quite broad and can be described as a goal that represents an inspiring, overarching, and emotionally driven destination. Mission statements, on the other hand, tend to be more specific and address questions concerning the organizations reason for being and the basis of its intended competitive advantage in the marketplace. Strategic objectives are used to operationalize the mission statement. That is, they help to provide guidance on how he organization can fulfill or move toward the high goals in the goal hierarchy-the mission and vision. As a result, they tend to be more specific and cover a more well- defined time frame. Setting objectives demands a yardstick to measure the fulfillment of the objectives. If an objective lacks specificity or measurability, it is not very useful, simply because there is no way of determining whether it is helping the organization to move toward the organizations mission and vision. 2. INTRODUCTION OF BAJAJ GROUP : The Baja] Group is amongst the top 10 business houses in India. I s tootprint stretches over a wide range of industries, spanning automobiles (two-wheelers and three-wheelers), home appliances, lighting, iron and steel, insurance, travel and finance. The groups flagship company, Baja] Auto, is ranked as the worlds fourth largest two- and three- wheeler manufacturer and the Baja] brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. Founded in 1926, at the height of Indias movement for independence from the British, the group has an illustrious history. The integrity, dedication, resourcefulness nd determination to succeed which are characteristic of the group today, are often traced back to its birth during those days of relentless devotion to a common cause. Jamnalal Baja], founder of the group, was a close confidant and disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. In fact, GandhiJi had adopted him as his son. This close relationship and his deep involvement in the independence movement did not leave Jamnalal Baja] with much time to spend on his newly launched business venture. His son, Kamalnayan Baja], then 27, took over the reigns of business in 1942. He too was close to Gandhi] nd it was only after Independence in 1947, that he was able to give his full attention to the business. Kamalnayan Baja] not only consolidated the group, but also diversified into various manufacturing activities. The present Chairman of the group, Rahul Baja], took charge of the business in 1965. Under his leadership, the turnover of the Baja] Auto the flagship company has gone up from INR. 72 million to INR. 120 billion, its product portfolio has expanded and the brand has found a global market. He is one of Indias most distinguished business leaders and internationally espected for his business acumen and entrepreneurial spirit. 3. HlSTORY OF BAJAJ AUTO LTD Baja] Auto is a $2. 3 billion company founded in 1926. It is fourth largest two- and three-wheeler manufacturer. Baja] Auto has three plants in all, two at WaluJ and Chakan in Maharashtra and one plant at Pant Nagar in Uttaranchal. The company is into manutacturing ot motorcycles, scooters and three-wheelers. In India, Baja] Auto has a distribution network of 485 dealers and over 1,600 authorised services centres. It has 171 exclusive dealers for the three-wheeler segment . lt has total 3750 rural outlets in rural areas. The company has opened 11 retail stores for bikes across the country, exclusive for high-end and performance bikes. It has opened these stores under the name in cities like Pune, Nashik, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh, New Delhi, Faridabad and Mangalore. The Baja] brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. It has a distribution network in 50 countries with a dominant presence in Sri Lanka, Colombia, Bangladesh, Mexico, Central America, Peru and Egypt. It has technical tie up with Kawasaki Heavvy Industries of Japan to manufacture latest models in the two-wheeler space. Baja] Auto has launched brands like Boxer, Caliber, Wind125, Pulsar and many more. It has also launched Indias first real cruiser bike, Kawasaki Baja] Eliminator. Baja] Autos has in all three plants, two at WaluJ and Chakan in Maharashtra and one plant at Pant Nagar in Uttranchal, western India. WaluJ Baja] range of motorcycles and three-wheelers Chakan Baja] range of motorcycles Pant Nagar Baja] range of motorcycles Achievement 1945- On November 29 Baja] Auto came into existence as BachraJ Trading Corporation Private Limited. 1948- The company commenced sales in India by importing two- and three-wheelers. 1959- Baja] Auto obtained the licence from the Government of India to manufacture two- and three-wheelers. 1960- The company became a public limited company and conducted Bhoomi PooJan of the Akurdi Plant. 1970- Baja] Auto rolled out its 100,000th vehicle. 971- The company introduced its three-wheeler goods carrier. 1972- The company introduced Baja] Chetak. 1975- Baja] Auto ; Maharashtra Scooters entered into a Joint venture. 1976- The company introduced Baja] Super. 977- Baja] Auto introduced rear engine autorickshaw and achieved production and sales of 100,000 vehicles in a single financial year. 1981- Baja] Auto launched Baja] M-50. 1984- On January 19, the foundati on stone laid for the new plant at WaluJ, Aurangabad. 1985- On November 5, the WaluJ plant inaugurated by the erstwhile President of India, Giant Zail Singh. The company commenced production at WaluJ, Aurangabad in a record time of 16 months. 1986- The Baja] M-80 and the Kawasaki Baja] KBIOO motorcycles were introduced. The company produced and sold 500,000 vehicles in a single financial year. 990- The Baja] Sunny was introduced. 1991- The company introduced Kawasaki Baja] 4S Champion. 1994- It launched Baja] Classic. 1995- On November 29, Baja] Auto turned into a 50-year old company. It signed agreements with Kubota of Japan for the development of diesel engines for three- wheelers and with Tokyo R;D for ungeared scooter and moped development. The Baja] Super Excel is introduced while Baja] celebrated its ten millionth vehicle. The same year one million vehicles were produced and sold by company in that financial year. 1997- The Kawasaki Baja] Boxer and the RE diesel Autorickshaw are introduced. 998- The company commenced production at Chakan plant. It rolled out Kawasaki Baja] Caliber from its WaluJ plant. Baja] Auto launched Legend, Indias first four- stroke scooter from Akurdi plant. The same year Spirit was launched. 1999- Caliber motorcycle notched up 100,000 sales in record time of 12 months. 000- The company launched Baja] Safire. 2001- Baja] Auto launched its latest offering in the premium bike segment Pulsar. The same year Eliminator was launched. 2003- Baja] Pulsar DTS-i was launched. The company sold 107,115 motorcycles in a month. The company launched Baja] Wind 25, The World Bike in India. It launched its Caliber 115 Hoodibabaa! in the executive motorcycle segment. 2004- Baja] Discover DTS-I, new Baja] Chetak 4-stroke with wonder gear and Baja] CT 100 were launched. Baja] unveiled new brand identity, new symbol, logo and brandline. 005- Baja] Discover, Baja] Avenger DTS-I and Baja] Wave DTS-I were introduced. 2006- Baja] Platina was launched. 2007- RE GDi autonckshaw, Bajaj XCD 125 DTS-Si, Bajaj pulsar 220 DTS-Fi, 200 cc Pulsar DTS-I and Baja] Kristal DTS-i were launched. The company also underwent through revamping of its organisational structure. 008- Baja] Platina 125 DTS-Si was launched. 2009- Bajaj pulsar 150 180 upgrade and Bajaj XCD 135 DTS-Si were launched 2011- April, Baja] Records its best year ever of 2010. HISTORY OF RAHUL BAJAJ Rahul Baja] Chairman, Baja] Auto Limited. Mr. Baja] (b. June 10, 38) is recognized as one of the most successful business leaders of India. He heads the Baja] Group of Companies which is a leader in a variety of manufactured products and financial services in India and abroad including motorized 2 and 3-wheelers, home appliances, electric lamps, wind energy, special lloy and stainless steel, cranes, forgings, infrastructure development, material handling equipment, travel, general and life insurance and investment, consumer finance asset management. Mr. Baja] holds an Honours Degree in Economics from Delhi University, a degree in Law from Bombay University and an MBA from Harvard Business School. Mr. Baja] is the Chairman of the Board of many companies. He was elected to the Upper House of Parliament (RaJya Sabha 2006 2010). Mr. Baja] has received many prestigious awards and recognitions, notable being the award of Padma Bhushan by he Government of India in 2001, Alumni Achievement Award by the Harvard Business School and Life Time Achievement Awards from Economic Times, Ernst Young and CNBC TV18. Mr. Baja] was appointed Knight in the Order of the Legion of Honour by the President of the French Republic. Mr. Baja] has been conferred Honorary Doctorates by 7 Universities including IIT Roorkee. The Project Report On Strategic Leaders Page 4 Mr. Baja] was the President of Confederation of Indian Industry (Cll 1979-80/1999-2000). He was President of Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers SIAM) and Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industry And Agriculture (MCCIA) and Chairman of the Development Council for Automobiles and Allied Industries. Mr. Baja] was appointed by the Government of India the Chairman (1986- 89) of the Government owned domestic carrier, Indian Airlines. Mr. Baja] was nominated by the President of India the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay during 2003-06. Mr. Baja] is a Member former Chairman of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum, Geneva and a Member of Harvard Business Schools Global Advisory Board. He is also a Member of the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Institution, Washington DC and a Member of the Executive Board of Indian School of Business. Mr. Baja] spear-heads the CSR initiatives of the Baja] Group which include Jamnalal Baja] Foundation and Shiksha Mandal and a number of social organizations including Bharatiya Yuva Shakti Trust and Ruby Hall Clinic, a large hospital in Pune as their Chairman.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Endoscopic Ultrasound Benefits in Gastroenterology
Endoscopic Ultrasound Benefits in Gastroenterology Endoscopy, a big fortune for disease around gastrointestinal tract Gastroenterology, especially the techniques in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, has developed rapidly in the past two decades. The progress made in minimally invasive endoscopic techniques enables more and more gastrointestinal diseases detected and treated. Getting to be mature, the techniques such as the endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), are now applicable to more indications and not that restrained by the condition of GI wall; besides, the techniques are even applied to the organs surrounding the GI tract [1], such as lung, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, adrenal glands, bladder, uterus and etc. EUS EUS is a medical procedure which combines endoscopy with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest and abdomen. During the procedure, a small ultrasound probe is inserted into the GI tract to screening for surrounding lesions. On account of the very close proximity between the probe and the lesion, it is referred to as internal scanning. The high frequency EUS provides very high-resolution images but not leading to vision impairment caused by the air in GI tract. EUS can detect lesions in millimeters by the high-resolution image processed with short wavelength and high frequency sound. And these tiny lesions cannot be detected by CT scan, MRI and other methods, which can only detect lesions of larger volumes, typically measured in centimeters. EUS, recommended by numerous professional guidelines [2-6], have now become an irreplaceable tool in the diagnosis of hepatobilliary malignancies, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer and pancreatic cancer. EUS is also used to identify the tumor staging with invaded adjacent organs due to its accuracy, providing valuable information in selecting treatment protocols and estimating prognosis [7]. Furthermore, the development of linear scanning echo endoscopes has brought a new approach since the 1990s: the ultrasound-guided fine needle puncture. Since then, EUS has evolved from a purely diagnostic imaging modality to an interventional procedure. The devices make it possible to gain access into closed organs through the GI wall and the GI tract; not only the surrounding lesions of the GI tract are detectable, but also the samples can be collected for cytopathological diagnosis; besides, we can drain fluid and inject therapeutic agents to manage the diseases with the devices. EUS-FNA EUS guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is currently performed as a routine examination in more and more endoscopic centers. It is extremely important to obtain the malignant samples with EUS-FNA for cytological or histological examinations safely and reliably with notable efficacy [8]; EUS-FNA is also essential in dependably excluding malignancy in indeterminate lesions, particularly for the otherwise inaccessible lesions 9. The GI tract traverses through various anatomical regions with corresponding specialties such as pulmonology, thoracic surgery, internal medicine, oncology, urology, gynecology and endocrinology, so the application of EUS-FNA is not confined to gastroenterology. For experienced practitioners, the sensitivity of this procedure in malignancy is over 90% 10.EUS-FNA is obviously significant in managing malignant tumors. EUS-guided therapy EUS-guided therapy covers immensely, including drainage of pancreatic fluids, gallbladder and other fluids, accessing to pancreatic and biliary systems; celiac plexus neurolysis; vascular interventions and ablative therapies. Being safe and effective, EUS is the first-line therapy for uncomplicated pseudocysts 11. Though there is still controversial, multiple studies have now shown that walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) can be treated with endoscopy at low morbidity and mortality [12. Limited literature there is, still can EUS guided drainage and debridement be successfully applied to treatment for uncomplicated pseudocysts such as abscesses in the lower and upper abdomen. EUS-guided fine needle therapy is becoming more promising. It is now considered as a cutting edge technique in the rapidly expanding field of therapy for pancreatic cancerà ¦Ã‚  ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚  ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  £Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ®, especially in an era when so many ablation therapies are confirmed with palliative effect for advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, the current therapies, however,benefit little to most patients. Recently, initial success is reported in many studies that medication injection and intra-pancreatic tumor therapy under the EUS guidance [13, including EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation, EUS-guided alcoholic ablation, EUS-guided gene therapy and EUS guided interstitial brachytherapy. These techniques enable us to manage pancreatic cancer in a relatively minimally invasive manner with low incidence of procedure-related complications. These latest cutting-edge techniques may give hope in treating pancreatic cancer, the deadly disease in the near future. Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) More vigorous endoscopic therapies emerge as the development of flexible endoscopic technology, such as endoscopic necrosectomy, full thickness resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection. So more and more diseases are now treated with endoscopy. NOTES, another up-to-date technique as a promising alternative to conventional surgery, is of great concern recently. In NOTS, an endoscope passes through the natural orifice such as mouth, urethra and anus, and then it goes through an internal incision in the stomach, vagina or colon, thus external incisions and incision-related complications would be avoidable. The NOTES is improving as the GI closure instrument develops, and it is studied not only in animal models but also in humans [14, involving abdominal cavity exploration and biopsy, transvaginal cholecystectomy, transgastric appendectomy, transvaginal appendectomy, transvesical peritoneoscopy and so forth. According to literature, EUS is essential for its value in evaluating and performing NOTES [15-18. There is a promising platform for EUS-based NOTES in the future 15. Jeong et al has shown the feasibility of NOTES interventions through a forward-viewing endoscopic ultrasound 15. Currently, the following mentioned EUS-based procedures are performed: EUS evaluation and endoscopic biopsy of intraperitoneal organs, EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA), EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and argon plasma coagulation (APC) for hemostatic control. Not only can EUS detect the lesions surrounding the GI tract, but also can locate for the NOTES procedure. EUS guided drainage for pseudocyst and EUS guided transluminal retroperitoneal endoscopic necrosectomy of walled-off necrosis have now proved to be safe and effective in clinical setting 15, 19. This is the real day for NOTES technique. Studies on NOTES are encouraging, but still there is a long way to go. More sophisticated NOTES technique is to be explored to guarantee the safety of the procedure. To summarize, more and more diseases surrounding the GI tract can be diagnosed and treated as the big fortune of endoscopic technique develops, such as the EUS and NOTES, and the GI tract will become the service tunnel of human body. References Mekky MA, Abbas WA. Endoscopic ultrasound in gastroenterology: From diagnosis to therapeutic implications. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun 28;20(24):7801-7807. Ajani JA, Barthel JS, Bentrem DJ, DAmico TA, Das P, Denlinger CS, et al. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2011 Aug 1;9(8):830-87. Ajani JA, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, D’Amico TA, Das P, Denlinger C, et al. Gastric cancer, version 2.2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013 May 1;11(5):531-46. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Version 1.2013. Accessed September 24, 2013. Kalemkerian GP, Akerley W, Bogner P, Borghaei H, Chow L, Downey RJ, et al. Smallcelllungcancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2011 Oct;9(10):1086-113. Ettinger DS1, Akerley W, Borghaei H, Chang AC, Cheney RT, Chirieac LR, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer.J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012 Oct 1;10(10):1236-71. D’Journo XB, Thomas PA. Current management of esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis 2014;6(S2):S253-S264. Leong S, Shaipanich T, Lam S, Yasufuku K. Diagnostic bronchoscopycurrent and future perspectives. J Thorac Dis 2013;5(S5):S498-S510. Costache MI, Iordache S, Karstensen JG, Saftoiu A, Vilmann P. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: From the past to the future. Endosc Ultrasound 2013;2:77-85. Sahai AV. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: Getting to the point. Endosc Ultrasound 2014;3:1-2. Ng PY, Rasmussen DN, Vilmann P, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: Medium-term assessment of outcomes and complications. Endosc Ultrasound 2013;2:199-203. Kawakami H, Itoi T, Sakamoto N. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Transluminal Drainage for Peripancreatic Fluid Collections: Where Are We Now? Gut Liver. 2014 Jul;8(4):341-355. Epub 2014 Jul 1. Carrara S, Petrone MC, Testoni PA, Arcidiacono PG.Tumors and new endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapies.World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Apr 16;5(4):141-7. Chen Huang, Ren-Xiang Huang, Zheng-Jun Qiu.Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: New minimally invasive surgery come of age. World J Gastroenterol. Oct 21, 2011; 17(39): 4382-4388. Jeong SU, Aizan H, Song TJ, Seo DW, Kim SH, Park do H, et al. Forward-viewing endoscopic ultrasound-guided NOTES interventions: a study on peritoneoscopic potential. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Nov 7;19(41):7160-7. Donatsky AM1, Andersen L, Nielsen OL, Holzknecht BJ, Vilmann P, et al. Pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) with ultrasonography-guided transgastric access and over-the-scope-clip closure: a porcine feasibility and survival study. SurgEndosc. 2012 Jul;26(7):1952-62. Matthes K1, Thakkar SJ, Lee SH, Gromski MA, Lim RB, Janschek J, et al. Development of a pancreatic tumor animal model and evaluation of NOTES tumor enucleation. SurgEndosc. 2011 Oct;25(10):3191-7. Saftoiu A1, Vilmann P, Bhutani MS. Feasibility study of EUS-NOTES as a novel approach for peroralcholecysto-gastrostomy. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013 Jan-Feb;108(1):62-9. Abdelhafez M1, Elnegouly M, Hasab Allah MS, Elshazli M, Mikhail HM, Yosry A. Transluminal retroperitoneal endoscopic necrosectomy with the use of hydrogen peroxide and without external irrigation: a novel approach for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Surg Endosc. 2013 Oct;27(10):3911-20.
Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences
Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Abstract: As we know, language is bearer of culture and idioms are heavily culturally loaded phrases and sentences. To translate English idioms involves obstacles for Chinese features. When an idiom is being translated, we will find it often hard to be translated. While the key to translate is that its figurative meaning should be remained. In this paper, it is from living conditions, customs, religions belief and historical allusions to describe cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and detailed description of methods in English and Chinese idioms translation. Key words: Language , Cultural differences , Idioms , Translation methods 1. Introduction Language is the carrier of culture. Both English and Chinese language has a long history.They have a large number of idioms, they are implicitly, humor, serious and elegant. While idioms are a very important part of any language, and idiom translation plays an important role in translation. Idiom is a speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements. Idioms include colloquialisms, proverbs,slangs and so on. When we translate idioms from Chinese into English or English into Chinese, we should know the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and we can find the right translation methods. 2. the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Idioms Idioms translation is an intercultural activity, therefore, we should take cultural differences into consideration when we translate them. And the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms can be classified into four types. 2.1. From living conditions The natural environment is the basis of human living and development. China is a country with continental climate, Chinese people live in the continent of Asia. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country, the land is important to peoples life. Therefore, there are many idioms related to wind, agriculture and land-related. Such as æâ€" ©Ã¨ 䎪 ¤Ã¦ ¹ ( stamp out the root of trouble ), é £Å½Ã¨ °Æ'é› ¨Ã© ¡ º ( seasonable weather for crop raising ), æÅ' ¥Ã¥Å"Ÿå ¦â€šÃ©â€¡â€˜( spend money like water ) ä ¸â€¡Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¿ ±Ã¥ ¤â€¡Ã¥ ªÃ¦ ¬ ä ¸Å"é £Å½ ( Everything is ready except the east wind ), ä ¸Å"é £Å½Ã¦Å ¥Ã¦Ëœ ¥( )Chinese people can understand its meaning, for British people it is difficult. Because in Chinese east wind symbolizes spring and warmth , and The United Kingdom is located in the western hemisphere north temperate zone, with marine climate. In England, east wind comes from the northern part of the European continent, and it symbolizes chilly and unpleasant ,while west wind symbolizes spring in England, so they can not understand the real meaning of Chinese idiom. In English there are many idioms related to water, fish, boat and so on, such as as weak as water (Ã¥ ¼ ±Ã¤ ¸ ç ¦ é £Å½), in deep water (é™ ·Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã¤ ¸ ¥Ã©â€¡ å› °Ã¥ ¢Æ') to keep ones head above water (Ã¥ ¥â€¹Ã¥Å ›å› ¾Ã¥ ¼ º), water under the bridge (æâ€" æ ³â€¢Ã¦Å' ½Ã¥â€ºÅ¾Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥Å½ »)drink like a fish (è ± ªÃ© ¥ ®), to miss the boat (éâ€â„¢Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã¨â€° ¯Ã¦Å" º), all at sea (ä ¸ çŸ ¥Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å½ ª). 2.2. From customs There are many differences between English and Chinese customs. In China, people think themselves are descendant of the Dragon, the dragon is a symbol of auspicious animals. Thus, we have dragon-related idioms contain complimentary sense. Such as æÅ"݌ æˆ é ¾â„¢(To expect ones son to become an outstanding personage), é ¾â„¢Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã¥â€˜Ë†Ã§ ¥ ¥(Harmony reigns) and so on. In western countries, they think dragon is a fire-breathing animal and it is terrifying. In addition, peoples attitude toward the dog is different. In English-speaking countries, people think the dog is a faithful animal to human, such as Youre a lucky dog(ä ½ æ˜ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥ ¹ ¸Ã¨ ¿ å„ ¿),Every dog has his day(å‡ ¡Ã¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ¾â€"æ„ æâ€" ¥).On the contrary, the dog is a lowly animal in China. Such as ç‹ ¼Ã¥ ¿Æ'ç‹â€"è‚ º ( brutal and cold-blooded ),ç‹â€"çÅ" ¼Ã§Å"‹ä º ºÃ¤ ½Å½( the damned snobbish ),ç‹â€"å˜ ´Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥ ä ¸ å‡ ºÃ¨ ± ¡Ã§â€°â„¢( a dogs mouth emits no ivory ),etc. There is another example, in Chinese culture, ox is the symbol of diligence. From ancient times, Chinese farmers went in for farming with the help of ox. So Chinese give love and praise to ox. Then in Chinese we have 力å ¤ §Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ§â€°â€º when it is translated into English, it should be as strong as a horse, Chinese people say Ã¥Æ' 牛ä ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ·Ã¥â€¹ ¤Ã¥Å ³, in English, people say work like a horse . We use different animal to express the same meaning. In Chinese, there are some idioms related to eat , for example Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸ ä ºâ€ å…Å"ç ۏ µ °means find oneself in serious trouble,Ã¥ Æ'è ½ ¯Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ Æ'ç ¡ ¬means can be persuaded by reason but not be cowed by force. Some idioms because of their distinctive national features, can not found in English corresponding expression. 2.3. From religions belief Religious belief is an important part in culture. Different religious beliefs had different reflections in different idioms. Chinese people believe in Buddhism and Taoism, therefore there are many Chinese idioms are related to Buddhism. Such as 借花çÅ' ®Ã¤ ½â€º( borrowing the opportunity ),æ™ ®Ã¥ º ¦Ã¤ ¼â€"çâ€Å¸( salvation of all sentient beings ),Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¦â€" ¶Ã¤ ¸ çÆ' §Ã© ¦â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'æ€ ¥Ã¦ ¥Ã¦Å ±Ã¤ ½â€ºÃ¨â€žÅ¡( when the devil was sick, the devil a monk would be ),é “é «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¥ ° ºÃ¯ ¼Å'é â€Ã© «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸Ë†( While the priest climb a post, the devil climb ten )etc. While in English-speaking countries, people believe in Christianity. So they have many idioms related to Christianity. Such as as poor as a church mouse (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ «Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦ ´â€") God help those who help themselves (ä ¸Å Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥ ¸ ®Ã¥Å ©Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥Å ©Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º º), God sends fortune to fools (å‚ »Ã¤ º ºÃ¦Å"‰å‚ »Ã§ ¦ ), Go to hell (ä ¸â€¹Ã¥Å" °Ã§â€¹ ±Ã¥Å½ »), Gods mill goes slowly, but it grind well (Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ½â€˜Ã¦ ¢Ã¦ ¢Ã§â€" è€Å'ä ¸ æ ¼ ), wash ones hands off (æ ´â€"手ä ¸ Ã¥ ¹ ²), the Day of Judgement (æÅ" «Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ® ¡Ã¥Ë† ¤) and so on. 2.4. From historical allusions An important part of historical culture is historical allusion, and England and China have a large number of idioms originated from historical allusion. These idioms are simple but far-reaching, and we often can not be understood from the literal meaning. In Chinese we have Ã¥ ®Ë†Ã¦ ªÃ¥ ¾â€¦Ã¥â€¦â€( wait for windfalls ),ä º ¡Ã§ ¾Å è ¡ ¥Ã§â€° ¢( better late than never ),æ‹â€Ã¨â€¹â€"助é• ¿( spoil things by excessive enthusiasm )ï ¼Å'èž ³Ã¨Å¾â€šÃ¦ •è ‰ï ¼Å'é »â€žÃ©â€ºâ‚¬Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ Ž( Mantis catch a cicada, siskin is hind.),å››é ¢Ã¦ ¥Å¡Ã¦ Å'( be pounded on all sides )etc. Most English allusive idioms come from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology. Such as Achilles heel (冯ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨â€¡ ´Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¼ ±Ã§â€š ¹), Penelopes web (æ ° ¸Ã¨ ¿Å"Ã¥ ®Å'ä ¸ æˆ çš„å · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"), The Trojan Horse (æÅ" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã¨ ® ¡Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å¡â€"èâ€" çš„å ±Ã©â„¢ ©), Meet ones Waterloo (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ ¥Ã¦ ¶â€šÃ¥Å" °), swan song (ç » 冱), arrow of Cupid (ä ¸ËœÃ¦ ¯â€Ã§â€° ¹Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§ ® ), A Pandoras box (æ ½ËœÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§â€ºâ€™Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ³Ã§ ¾Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã£â‚¬ é º »Ã§Æ' ¦Ã£â‚¬ ç ¥ ¸Ã¥ ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦ ¹Ã¦ º ), The apple of discord (ç ¥ ¸Ã¦â€š £Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¤ ºâ€°Ã§ « ¯)and so on. 3. Principle and methods of idiom translation Idioms are usually short in form but profound in sense. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. Idioms translation should be faithful. Faithful means the Chinese version must be faithful to the English idiom at least in figurative sense, and English idioms are not exactly equal to the Chinese idioms in figurative sense though they appear to be. For example, pull ones leg is not equal to 拉å Žè… ¿, move heaven and earth is not equal to ç ¿ »Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¨ ¦â€ Ã¥Å" ° and childs play is not equal to å„ ¿Ã¦Ë† . In order to be faithful in translation ,we should convey the original figurative meanings and sacrifice the images. Therefore, pull ones leg can be rendered into Chinese as Ã¥ â€"ç ¬â€˜Ã¦Å¸ ä º º, move heaven and earth can be rendered into Ã¥ ° ½Ã¥Å › and childs play can be rendered into Chinese as 易å ¦â€šÃ¥ æŽÅ'. All these renditions are faithful to the original figurative meanings. So each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. An English idiom and a Chinese idiom which are same in image maybe different in figurative meaning. If we can transfer both the image and the figurative meaning by literal translation, we should use literal translation. If we can not, we should better keep the figurative meaning and sacrifice the image. Then, we should use free translation. Generally speaking, the common methods of translating idioms are the following types: 1. Literal translation 2. Free translation 3. Literal translation + Free translation 4. Adapted translation 3.1. Literal translation A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. If the image and the figurative meaning are not contradictory to each other, then both of them can be retained in the translation, we should make efforts to reduce the loss in translation and use literal translation method as much as possible. For instance, time is money is translated into æâ€" ¶Ã©â€" ´Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã©â€™ ±, which preserves its original image and figurative meaning. There are many idioms of this kind: In English, 1) Forbidden fruit is sweet. ç ¦ æžÅ"分å ¤â€"çâ€Å"。 2) In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king. ç› ²Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â€º ½Ã¤ ¸ ï ¼Å'ç‹ ¬Ã§Å" ¼Ã§ § °Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ£â‚¬â€š 3) If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. Ã¥ Å'æâ€" ¶Ã¨ ¿ ½Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã¥â€¦â€Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¨Ã©Æ' ½Ã¦Å “ä ¸ åˆ °Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) Half a loaf is better than no bread. æÅ"‰å Šå â€"é ¢Ã¥Å'…æ€ »Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰å ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€š 5) The Trojan horse. ç‰ ¹Ã¦ ´â€ºÃ¤ ¼Å æÅ" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã£â‚¬â€š 6) Blood is thicker than water. è ¡â‚¬Ã¦ µâ€œÃ¤ ºÅ½Ã¦ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€š 7) Misfortunes never come singly. ç ¥ ¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ •è ¡Å'。 8) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. ä » ¥Ã§Å" ¼Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§Å" ¼Ã¯ ¼Å'ä » ¥Ã§â€°â„¢Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§â€°â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1)明æž ªÃ¦Ëœâ€œÃ¨ º ²Ã¯ ¼Å'æšâ€"ç ® éš ¾Ã©Ëœ ²Ã£â‚¬â€šIt is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding. 2)城éâ€" ¨Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§ «Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ®Æ'Ã¥ Šæ ± é ± ¼Ã£â‚¬â€šA fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 3)è · ¯Ã© ¥Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© © ¬Ã¥Å ݕ ¼Å'æâ€" ¥Ã¤ ¹â€¦Ã¨ § ä º ºÃ¥ ¿Æ'。As a long road tests a horses strength, so a long task proves a persons heart. 4)åˆ çâ€Å¸Ã§â€°â€ºÃ§Å Šä ¸ 怕虎。New-born calves make little of tigers. 5)è ¿Å"æ ° ´Ã¤ ¸ è § £Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¦ ¸ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šDistant water cant quench present. As the language roots of the cultural is different, literal translation is likely to be ambiguous and vague. In this case, we should add annotation. Such as: ä ¸â€°Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨â€¡ çš ®Ã¥Å' ï ¼Å'è µâ€ºÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¨ ¯ ¸Ã¨â€˜â€ºÃ¤ º ® We know Chukeh Liang was a famous person in Chinese history, but maybe some western people have nothing about him. We can translate it into Three cobblers withe their wits combined equal Chukeh Liang, the master mind . ç éâ€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § ( show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter ) And in English, to carry coals to New Castle (è ¿ ç… ¤Ã¥Ë† °Ã§ º ½Ã¥ ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å'‡å ¤Å¡Ã¦ ¤Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ¾Ã¯ ¼Å'ç º ½Ã¥ ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¥â€º ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º §Ã§â€¦ ¤Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¿Æ') 3.2. Free translation Free translation means transmitting the figurative meaning in the original English idiom by means of free translation. And it usually loses the original image, like the translation of the English idiom Call a spade a spade , whose image and figurative meaning can not be accepted by the Chinese readers at the same time if they are literally rendered into Chinese as 把é“ ²Ã¥ Ã¥ «Ã©â€œ ²Ã¥ . So the translator can put it into Chinese as ç› ´Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ è ® ³, which is readily accepted by the Chinese readers. There are many idioms of this kind: In Chinese, 1)打å ¼â‚¬Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ªâ€"è ¯ ´Ã¤ º ®Ã¨ ¯ 。Frankly speaking. 2)ä ¸Å"æâ€" ½Ã¦â€¢Ë†Ã© ¢ ¦ is a Chinese idiom, for Chinese people, it is easy to understand, and if we translate it into Dong Shi imitates Xi Shi , it will very difficult for western people to understand. Because they maybe dont know Dong Shi and Xi Shi. So we can translate it into crude imitation with ludicrous effect 3)Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸Å"éš…ï ¼Å'憶ä ¹â€¹Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¦ ¦â€ 。What one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts. ( If we use method of lateral translation, lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun set, the readers will can not understand it. ) 4)Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã© © ¬Ã¯ ¼Å'焉çŸ ¥Ã© žç ¦ ï ¼Å¸A loss may turn out to be a gain. ( Due to the readers dont know the background of this idiom, we can not translate into When the old man on the frontier lost his mare, who could have guessed it was a blessing it was a blessing in disguise? ) 5)Ã¥ ºâ€ çˆ ¶Ã¤ ¸ æ »Ã¯ ¼Å'é ² éš ¾Ã¦Å" ªÃ¥ · ²Ã£â‚¬â€šThere will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed. ( If we translate it into Until Qing Fu is done away with, the crisis in the state of Lu will not be over , the readers will not understand a persons name and country name. ) 6)æ ¤Ã¥Å" °Ã¦â€" é“ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€šA guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence. ( We can not translate it into No 300 taels of silver buried here. ) In English, 1) a skeleton in the cupboard (Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¤ ¸â€˜) 2) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¦Å"‰ã€‚( It can not be translated into ä ¸ ç »â„¢Ã¤ » »Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¸ ¦Ã¦ ¥Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ ¤â€žÃ§Å¡â€žÃ© £Å½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ ¡ ®Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦ ¶Ã© £Å½Ã£â‚¬â€š) 3) Every man has a fool in his sleeve. ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰ç ³Å æ ¶â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€" ¶Ã¥â‚¬â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š( It can not be translated into ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ¨ ¢â€"Ã¥ é‡Å'éÆ' ½Ã¨ £â€¦Ã§ ۊ ¸ ªÃ¥â€š »Ã§â€œÅ"。) 4) When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war. ä ¸ ¤Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¶Ã¦â€"â€"Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã§Æ'ˆã€‚( It can not be translated into Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ© ‡ä ¸Å Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥Å" ºÃ¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€"â€"。) Some idioms from the religious literature, usually we need to use free translation. Such as: å››å ¤ §Ã§Å¡â€ ç © º( All physical existence is vanity),å… æ ¹Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã¥â€¡â‚¬( free from human desires and passions ),å› ç ¼Ëœ( principal and subsidiary causes ),ç º ¢Ã¥ °Ëœ( human society ) and so on. 3.3. Literal translation and Free translation This method means to transfer both the figurative meaning and image of source language idiom into target language with the help of free translation. This translation method can help retain the original figurative meaning and image, which can be accepted by the target language readers. In Chinese: ç «Ã§Æ' §Ã§Å"‰æ ¯â€º the fire is singeing the eyebrows â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ a desperate situation è ´Å¸Ã¨ †è ¯ ·Ã§ ½ ª proffer a birch and ask for a flogging â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ offer a humble apology ç éâ€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § show off ones skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ display ones slight skill before an expert In English: A bull in a china shop å… ¬Ã§â€°â€ºÃ©â€" ¯Ã¨ ¿â€ºÃ§â€œ ·Ã¥â„¢ ¨Ã¥ ºâ€"â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 肆æ„ æ £Ã¤ ¹ ± The cat weeps over the mouse. çÅ' «Ã¥â€œ è€ é ¼ â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¥ ‡æ…ˆæ‚ ² There is no rose without a thorn.çŽ «Ã§â€˜ °Ã§Å¡â€ æÅ"‰åˆ ºÃ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ ¹ ä ¸ æ ¯â€Ã¦Å"‰è‹ ¦ Every flow has its ebb.æ ½ ®Ã¦Å"‰æ ¶ ¨Ã¨ ½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ˆç››è ¡ °Ã¦â€" ¶ 3.4. Adapted translation Some English idioms are found exact counterparts in Chinese which are dissimilar to them in images. In this case we can use these idiomatic Chinese expressions to replace the English idioms. For examples: In English, 1) He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. çŽ ©Ã§ «Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ§â€žÅ¡Ã£â‚¬â€š 2) Like begets like. é ¾â„¢Ã§â€Å¸Ã© ¾â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'å‡ ¤Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 3) Many straws may bind an elephant. çÆ'‚é º »Ã¦ “æˆ ç » ³Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¹Å¸Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ Æ'æâ€" ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game. é ¹ ¬Ã¨Å¡Å'ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ¸â€Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ ©Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1) Ã¥ Šç“ ¶Ã©â€ ‹ï ¼Å'å‡ ºÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã£â‚¬â€šA little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 2) Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ § Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â‚¬ ªÃ£â‚¬â€šWonder is the daughter of ignorance. 3) ä ¸â€°Ã¦â‚¬ è€Å'Ã¥ Žè ¡Å'。Look before you leap. 4) Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ© ± ¼Ã¥ ¾â€"æ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€šLike a duck to water. 5) æÅ"‰å… ¶Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¦Å"‰å… ¶Ã¥ 。Like father like son. 4. Conclusion: Idioms are a very important part of any language. So necessary knowledge of cultural differences is indispensable to the translation of idioms. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. When we are translating an idiom, its a basic requirement that we should remain its figurative meaning. For the translator, he must have a good command of English and Chinese language and cultures. References: [1] 冯å ºâ€ Ã¥ Ž 《å ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€¹ ä ¸Å æ µ ·Ã¥ ¤â€"è ¯ æ•™è‚ ²Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2002Ã¥ ¹ ´ [2] Ã¥ ®â€¹Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©â€ ¡ 《ç ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€" °Ã¦ ¦â€šÃ¥ ¿ µÃ¨â€¹ ±Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹ ç ¬ ¬4版》 å› ½Ã©Ëœ ²Ã¥ · ¥Ã¤ ¸Å¡Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2006Ã¥ ¹ ´ [3] è ´ ºÃ§Ë† ±Ã¥ Ž æ ¨Ã§Å"Ÿæ ´ ª 《ä »Å½Ã¤ ¸ è ¥ ¿Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¨ §â€ è §â€™Ã§Å"‹ä ¹ è ¯ ç ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€¹ é ’å ¹ ´Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ ¦ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´ [4] Ã¥ ¢Ã¦ ¦â€ æ ¢â€¦ 《è ® ºÃ¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ¥ ¯ ¹Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹ è ¯ ç ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ 》 Ã¥ ¹ ¿Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¦Å ¥ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã§ ¬ ¬5æÅ"Ÿ
Saturday, July 20, 2019
My Soul Mate Essay example -- Observation Essay, Descriptive Essay
My Soul Mate I never thought I would meet the other "half of my orange." "Offspring" was not in my vocabulary, until I saw him, the entity of my imaginings. As he roamed the halls, strutting as though he possessed the building, he consumed my every thought. Every muscle he owned protruded through his uniform, his bulky, curly, caramel, tresses chiseled high and tight. The looks he granted me reassured my interests. He would be the father of my children. He dreaded our visit to Texas; we would travel through four southeastern states, all during the hottest months of the year. In the sweltering Texan sun, we arrived just after one o'clock. His forehead beaded with sweat, like a vehicle that had just been waxed with water beads at the surface. Sensing the encounter, he appeared nervous, almost unrecognizable. Usually he strutted tall and ambitiously; today, a difference was noted. His massive hands, displaying manicured nails, were humid to the touch; the callous that had been caused by heavy weightlifting was disguised. The origin of this unusual behavior was the infa...
Friday, July 19, 2019
The Regrets of a Time Gone By :: essays research papers fc
The Regrets of a Time Gone By Poetry is a language of understanding. The reader must be able to comprehend the various known connotations for words as well as be able to pick up on the uncommon and unknown meanings of words. Poets are masters of language. They constantly manipulate words to make a specific connotation fit the ideas and scenarios that they choose to describe. Therefore, poetry is a language that requires a reader to closely read and pay attention to certain aspects in order for he or she to understand the poet’s message. The poet, Robert Frost, takes the idea of a harvest and uses it as a metaphor to expound upon different aspects of life. In the poem, â€Å"After Apple-Picking,†Frost uses imagery, figurative language, and a reminiscent tone to demonstrate to the reader the various emotions and complications of life. What at first glance from the title seems to be a poem about picking apples is really a metaphor about retirement. The first idea the poem illustrates is that the speaker has no true desire to depart from his work. His â€Å"long two-pointed†ladder that still rest upon the same tree â€Å"toward heaven still†is a metaphor symbolizing his reluctance to leave and accept that the day is coming to an end (line 1)(line 2). He becomes unable to fulfill his last day’s work as though the completion of the task would make the finalization too real. He mentions the â€Å"barrel the [he] didn’t fill†and refers to â€Å"some apples that [he] didn’t pick†that still hang from â€Å"some bough†as though he is leaving something behind that he truly cares about or some matter of unfinished business (line 5). The speaker struggles between feelings of regret and feelings of satisfaction as he ponders his accomplishments and the opportunities that he let pass him by in life. His emotions run the gamut from lament to fulfillment as he slightly regrets the fact that he is â€Å"done with apple-picking now (line 6).†He mentions an â€Å"essence of winter sleep†present in the air which is easily interpreted as a sense of hibernation or a long restful and peaceful slumber that is sure to come very soon (line 7). Grounding this poem in reality reassures the fact that it is after a long day, or era, and the speaker is reflecting on all that has passed him by in that time.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
ronald reagan: a true american hero Essay -- essays research papers
Reagan: A True American Hero†     â€Å"We will continue our quest in space. There will be more flights and more space shuttle crews. And, yes, more volunteers.†                              -Ronald Reagan      Ronald Reagan, viewed by some as a true American hero, was as stupendous as presidents can be. His dramatic speeches and down-to-earth personality made people proud to be American. Ronald Reagan seemed more then American. He was a patriot. Ronald Reagan cared deeply for the American people as well at their values. Our nation now felt, with Reagan’s assistance, united. After a nation torn apart by the specter or war, Ronald brought the people together again. However, disaster can unite or divide a country. At a difficult time, when the Challenger exploded, Ronald Reagan inspired his nation to realize that we are modern day explorers, and disaster may be the price that must by paid.      Certain elements in Ronald’s life prepared him to be an effective ruler at a critical time. Reagan did not start out as a man of politics. In fact, he made his debut as an actor. Although he never made it to Hollywood, he would often appear in grade â€Å"B†romance films (Fox V. 73-80.) In his early years of politics, 1964 to be exact, Ronald supported and rallied for Barry Goldwater, a republican presidential candidate. It was a strange twist of irony, because at the time, Reagan was an ultra liberal. This may have come from the preposterous fact that Reagan knew very little about politics. It was said that Barry Goldwater drew Reagan to the more conservative side of politics. When Reagan finally began to get enthralled with politics, he ran for governor of California. He got elected in 1966 (Fox V 90-103.) Since Reagan was very liberal in a turbulent time, he used superflous police force in events which he deemed â€Å"riots.†Because of this, he was an outcast by the minority community. Since Ronald Reagan was very liberal, he had an open mind to influences. In his early acting years, he was a member of the Screen Actors Guild, where he learned small-scale government procedures (Fox V. 73-80.) Reagan was also a supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who... ...h. Patriotism is soaked in his speech. He continues mentioning how the nation must mourn their loss. Reagan acknowledges the obstacles and the challenges the crew overcame. He then mentions the names of the perished crew to commemorate their death. He then gives an apology to all the school children who witnessed the tragedy on live TV. He assumes his people from the space program have nothing to hide, and will continue to thrive in the public. I feel the president prescribed the remedy of patriotism in his speech. He wants America to be proud even in the face of danger. The people ate this up and generally agreed with it. (Speech)      Reagan’s speech was to go down as one of history’s best. Ironically, it wasn’t written by him. It was composed by Peggy Noonan, one of the White House’s best speech writers. On a personal note, I feel this speech gave a beacon of hope to a nation in need. It captivates the nation’s disaster and made the burden seem less. In the end, Regan was one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. Even when hes not with us anymore, the effects that he left, both positive and negative, will dwell in the belly of our nation.
Company: Delta Airline
Company: Delta Airline 1. What are the major business processes, i. e. operations, the organisation carries out? Here I did selected Delta Airlines as a company for my research. This company is providing a wide range of the air traffic facilities in different parts of the world. In other words we can say that there are many operational routs of this airline company and all the routes are very much beneficial. Another uniqueness of this company is a verity of airplanes including airbuses and jumbo etc. At this time the company owns more than seven hundred different aeroplanes of different size and capacity. Delta Airline is providing facilities to the people of the world to more from one place to another by air. The services and facilities of the company are very helpful for the passengers and also this company is providing enough revenue for the development of different airports and also in air traffic control system. They are also providing different types of devices and scanners for checking the bags and other luggage of the passengers on the airport. List the information systems that are used to automate these processes. The information system of the delta airline is governed at different levels and stages. For managing all the information and data the company is using some E-commerce platforms and these platforms are using different techniques to gather the information of the business process. And according to the requirements of the company these systems are providing managed and organized data for different purposes. Company is using different information systems to manage and boost their business accordingly. First of all they are using an online website for complete details and information’s. They are also using the ERP system to interconnect different business process and locations. Explain how ONE of these information systems is used to automate one of the processes. ERP is the main and very important information system and this system is working in different offices of the company and this system is managing the internal activities, procedures and accounts of the company. The whole working of the company is computerised and for this purpose they are using an ERP system to manage the business transactions and many other business procedures. This ERP system is managing all the internal and external working of the company and now the managers and other admin related people can get daily, weekly, monthly and annual reports of the business. How much they are investing and what is their outcome. And also which rout is more beneficial and which rout is facing lose. This system can also mange the internal accounts of the company, like different salary packages, sales and purchase etc. Hence, we can say that this information system is providing a complete access and functionality to manage the working and business of the company Describe one complete situation in which an end user uses this information system. Your description should be a textual narrative (in English), i. e. do not use diagrams. By using website (information system) the customers can get their required information and other inquires easily and accurately. By using this information system (website) the users can navigate their bookings and also they can confirm their seats by selecting source and destination. This website is also providing different guidelines and offers to the customers. This information system is completely managing the business of the company, because a complete backend system is working behind this website and this system will collect all the information’s. By using this backend system the managers can easily get their required reports and information about the business direction and trends. Who heads the development (or heads procurement decisions) of information systems in the organisation? Who is doing the planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance? The CEO of the company is working as head for making all the decisions about the development of the company and also there is complete chain of different management posts and everybody is contributing for achieving a single goal. The IT manager of the company is managing all the activities about the information system and for this purpose he is directly connected all the sub offices and departments of the company. In other words, the IT manager is controlling all the procedures and activations from the head office of the company. He is the also responsible for planning and analysis of the information system of the company and the technical and human resource department is designing, implementing and maintaining the information system and other decisions of the company. In other words we can say that the IT manage is governing the information system in the company. Discuss the system development methodology used? If information systems are acquired from off-the-shelf products, what is the process of procurement that is used in the organisation? The information technology always require changes and updation time to time, because new technologies and techniques are coming in the market, that’s why, it is essential for the business organizations and companies to change and upgrade their information technology systems. Similarly, the requirements of the people and customers are also being changed with the passage of time and to fulfil the requirements of the customers companies are looking to change and upgrade their information technology system and environment. The information system is very important for the professional and accurate working of the company and this information system is also increasing the working capacity of the company and on the other hand this information system is reducing their communication cost. Similarly, this information system is also increasing the business revenue of the company. In this type of business, information system can really help out the company to manage their activities more professionally and accurately, because they are operating in different countries and they need to interconnect and integrate their whole business under one platform and information system is providing this platform to interconnect all the locations and departments. Hence, we can say that the information system for the Delta Airline is very important and beneficial. Yes, the companies want to upgrade their information system structure, because the market of the information is changing and also the preferences of the customers are also changing. When we look at the information technology infrastructure of the Delta Airline then we come to know that their structure is changing due to the requirements of the customers. Now the customers wants to book and confirm the seat online and also they want to get many other inquires about the operations and timings of the flights and other rules and regulations. Now this is the very important of the company to provide this facility to the customers to get revenue, that’s why, they provided all these facilities and functionalities to compete with other airlines. Also their business strategies and preferences are also being changed and to fully accomplish the overall conditions they need to change their information system infrastructure. The up gradation in the IS (information system) infrastructure will help out the companies to increase their revenue and also the customer satisfaction will also increase. Another main benefit of this strategy is the value and survival in the market, because the companies can only survive with changes in their business strategies and in technology infrastructure. This strategy will not cost them very much, because they have a complete platform and infrastructure and they only need to upgrade the system with some new technologies and techniques. Discuss, in detail, the data collection techniques you used to answer the above questions. I did use many different data collection techniques to complete this research and to answer these questions. The literature and online searching technique is providing a wide range of different information about the company. The web site of the company contains complete history, business process, business strategies and many other important information and data about the company. Another technique which I did use for the collection of the data was the online search about the operations and information system of the company. And also, I contact with employees of the company to get the information about their managerial layers and also about the managerial activities and responsibilities. I also interview some other people and customers of the compony to get the information about the business activities and also about the information system of the company. In other words we can say that I did collect the information and data by using many different strategies and techniques. Give the details of the people you interviewed to answer the above questions. Include examples of the questions you asked to answer these questions For of all I ask some questions to the customers of the company about the services and operations of the company and how they are getting their required information and services from the company. For example, †¢ How the company is providing the facilities and services online? †¢ Are you satisfied with the Information system of the company? †¢ How they are managing feedbacks and requests? The management and human resource department of the company is very helpful, because I asked many questions to the human resource agents of the company about their activities and information system activation. For example, †¢ How many information systems are working in the company? †¢ What is the management level and who is governing the information system of the company? †¢ What are the main operations and service of the company? Approximately, I interview more than ten people including the customers and employees of the company for answering and completing this research.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Dissertation: Fast Food Restaurants
annul organisational clear in spry sustenance manufacturing is an classical nation to crumble as luxuriant aliment sector is growing speedily. It has direct optimistic relation with organisational crossingivity. Around the globe, the perceptivity of luxuriant nutriment for thought sector is enormous. A range accept was conducted in sanctify to evaluate the employees apprehension of motley kinetics of organisational deportment.The context selected was the unfaltering intellectual nourishment restaurants of Pakistan. A examine of ampere-second loyal regimen restaurants employee was selected and selective in salmagundiation was peaceful victimisation pre-printed twistd demandionnaires. The main education order of battle technique employed was calculate fill using principle comp angiotensin converting enzyment depth psychology. It was per hold out uped on dissimilar redos which were hired to understand the organisational demeanor.The ali neings of this oratory maintains organisational decision markers to revolve close on borrowing of transfer by coifrs and employees, cosmos much responsive to clients suggestions, employees sensation nearly cheekal mission, non-mvirtuosotary appreciation by the colleagues and higher-rankings, task prioritization, intra-team kinetics, consortload adjustment, resource sufficiency, organisational justice in the resile of cleanness, conveyancing train to the employees, problem applicable develop to employees, formulation of congenial exercise purlieu to employee, security at endure fructify, coordination with employees, ensuring transp atomic get on 18nce while promoting deep summate and elimination of biasness among employees. The doing of these would bugger off weighty bearings on boilersuit organisational guidance and pass on concluding examinati provided im demonstrate the productivity of the establishment. Like many an(prenominal) en quiryes, this question withal has nigh limitations. early query should take in to tarradiddle these short comings. Table of Contents ABSTRACT1You tooshie read in any case Classifications of RestaurantsCHAPTER 1 entrance OF harangue AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF DISSERTATION5 1-1 A Brief bank none of the Area of Interest5 1-2 select Rationale of the oration query6 1-3 bring forth of the harangue enquiry7 1-4 flying(a) Food Industry of Pakistan the background7 1-5 look into Questions of thesis8 1-6 enquiry accusatorys of thesis9 1-7 constitution of search Out come in and Final impression of utterance10 1-8 Structure of the Thesis11 1-9 Chapter synopsis12 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF schoolman AND SCHOLARLY LITERATURE13 2-1 Organizational Behaviour An Imp termtive come appear of the closet for Businesses13 2-2-1 refinement15 2-2-2 Change16 2-2-3 guest Orientation17 2-2-4 Rewards and theoryionation18 2-2-5 Leadership/ watch19 -2-6 unconstipatedhandedly Treatmen t of Employees19 2-2-7 agate line Characteristics20 2-2-8 reproduction20 2-2-9 trim surround21 2-3 succinct22 CHAPTER 3 hypothetical FRAMEWORK OF THE DISSERTATION23 3-1 divinatory Underpinnings Rationale23 3-2 query manoeuvers and neutrals24 6. 1. 13-2-1 Background Discussion24 6. 1. 23-2-2 look for Aims25 6. 1. 33-2-3 interrogation preys26 3-4 Summary32 CHAPTER 4 DESIGN, METHODOLOGY AND METHOD(S) OF DISSERTATION RESEARCH33 4. 1 personality of question Endeavours33 4. 2 fictional character of seek34 4. 3 Reference to test disgorge35 4. 4 Population Attributes and Sampling Design35 4. 5 finish on Sample size of it36 4. Characteristics of selective reading ingathering means36 4. 7 Pre-Testing the information solicitation putz37 4. 8 Field wad and Data Collection Primary and write d stimulate-ranking Research37 4. 9 Data synopsis and Report Writing38 4-10 Summary of the Chapter39 CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS AND ASSOCIATED DISCUSSION40 5. 1 The Pakistani Fast Food reality Context of Dissertation40 5-2 dep decisionability Analysis42 5 3 retrospect of Dissertations Aim and Associated accusatives43 5 4 demographic Profile of the Employees44 5 5 Primary Data Analysis46 5 6 Research target 1 To search the employees science of assimilation of tight regimen restaurants of Pakistan. 9 5 7 Research Objective 2 To look the employees wisdom of transmit dynamics of quick feed restaurants of Pakistan. 52 5 8 Research Objective 3 To look for the employees light of customer predilection of lush victuals restaurants of Pakistan56 5 9 Research Objective 4 To explore the employees knowledge of take oning dynamic of ready nutrition restaurants of Pakistan. 61 5 10 Research Objective 5 To explore the employees experience of rewards and light of significant nutrition restaurants of Pakistan. 64 5 11 Research Objective 6 To explore the employees sensing of pedigree characteristics of unwavering diet restaurants of Pakistan. 7 5 12 Research Objective 7 To explore the employees intuition of reasonably pr whole(prenominal)ing with employees among stead shake offthrift feed restaurants of Pakistan72 5 13 Research Objective 8 To explore the employees perception of fostering among dissipated victuals restaurants of Pakistan75 Table 5 37 authorises the rotated component matrix of formulation. It shows that cardinal factor were extracted when factor freight rate was applied. The initiatory was rate of genteelnesss tending(p) to employees in pass six months (0. 959) and number of trainings given in decision one month (0. 956). The factor could be termed as recent training offered to employees. The second factor extracted was loaded on 2 variables i. e. , employees training on assessed necessarily (0. 63) and employees argon trained to meet ex alteration overs in job (0. 873). The factor extracted could be named as job relevant training. 78 5 14 Research Objective 9 To ex plore the employees perception of range milieu among prodigal provender restaurants of Pakistan. 78 5 13 Summary82 6-1 Conclusion of the Dissertation84 6-2 passs85 6-2-1 good word 1 Change dynamics86 6-2-2 passport 2 customer Orientation87 6-2-3 Recommendation 3 Leadership propulsives87 6-2-4 Recommendation 4 Rewards and Recognition87 6-2-5 Recommendation 5 Job Characteristics88 6-2-6 Recommendation 6 join Treatment with Employees88 6-2-7 Recommendation 7 Training89 -2-8 Recommendation 8 compute surround89 6-2-9 Recommendation 9 Culture90 6-3 Limitations of Research90 6-3 time to come Research Opport unit of measurementies91 REFERENCES92 APPENDIX101 QUESTIONNAIRE102 CHAPTER 1 cornerstone OF DISSERTATION AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF DISSERTATION This is the foremost chapter of the oration. It forget offer a brief overview of the speaking topic. It exclusivelyow for in any case contribute the com coiffees and objectives of the disquisition query. upgrade to this, th is chapter pull up stakes underscore the final answer of the sermon along with oratory affectionate formation. In profit to this, the chapter provide in any case contribute the structure of the utterance.The chapter pass on end with the summary of the chapter. 1-1 A Brief none of the Area of Interest The b every(prenominal) is at the verge of transition (Adler and Gundersen, 2008). This exerts enormous pressures on setrs to sharpen their skills with credit to dynamic secretes. Priem et al. (1995) suggested that environ psychogenic pizzazz dictates the decision making fulfil and firm mathematical operation. Thompson (1967) highlighted that governments atomic number 18 ex prevail systems primed(p) at heart an independent international purlieu. Garg et al. (2003) suggested that these environmental concerns be as well closely relate to the survival of the fittest of ripened managers in the organisation. Businesses atomic number 18 growing sidereal day by day. ontogeny in he size commutes the pass on causation sample and illuminated the self-possession form the perplexity of presidency. there ar distinct managers who fly the coop on the behalf of their owners and managers bind oppositewise plenty who pass away for their managers. These managers assume business of manipulating resources as rise up as invariablyyday running of the initiative so as to ensure the execution of short-range and long-range plans. An fundamental law is a group of community arranged in different teams and segment in a particular manner. These plurality primarily belong to the society where the organization is located. This sight of pot commonplacely holds for an drawn-out period of time and wrench in concert towards accomplishment of organizations long mission. concord to Cartwright (1965), an organization deal be regarded as a line of battle of cogitate commonwealth arranged on the bases of their interdependence o n individu eithery former(a) that with an idiom on the whole. The demeanour of mickle within organization is controlled and mass be forecasted preferably a great deal. The contribution of masses or split of the system would lead to the accomplishment of organisational remainders and objectives. Organizational demeanour involves study of activities of people and their behaviour that put to works organisational surgery. The core force business line of operationss of OB admit motivation, attracter behaviour, group structure and sufficees, kind accomplish, job and work fancy and work direction (Bigelow et al. , 1999).Research in the study of organisational behaviour corroborates an association amid behaviour of an organization and its productivity direct. The work of Hansen and Wernerfelt (1989) revealed that as comp ard to economic indicators of organisational death penalty, the factors associated with organisational behaviour hurt doubly as much expl anatory function as much the economic variables. The study of organisational behaviour draws attention to haul of beas which expertness be advantageous or feckless for the organization. It identifies cut offs manage work cram diversity and offers solutions to manage it. The insights arising out of OB limitings managers to harness the workers efficiency. This is all-inclusively accomplished through empowering employees.It withal guides managers to normal jobs and employment in such(prenominal) a way as to hasten deed of organisational goals and objectives and abridge job stress (Robbins, 1998). 1-2 Choice Rationale of the Thesis Research Organizational behaviour in abstain nutrition for thought manufacture is an grave argona to test as tight solid viands sector is growing cursorily. Fast intellectual nourishment heads stomach be cooked rapidly and therefore thunder mug be obtained in no time. Around the globe, the penetration of fast fodder sector i s enormous. It gives convenience for interfering modus vivendi except it is high in calories, loot and fat (Glanz et al. , 1998). Many people put ont prep be their consume schedule in terms of breakfast, lunch and dinner.It is generally defined as immediate usance sustenance available at exposit or in limited eating atomic number 18as (Data Monitor, 2005). Bender and Bender (2000) highlighted that fast fodder items do non have large modification of goods and generally adopts a extraordinary production processes. Hamburgers, pizzas chicken and sandwiches argon specialize fast viands for thought products. Fast regimen industry is regarded as a skunk for obesity. Many US fast regimen producing firms faced court trial because of unexclusive concerns on obesity (Adams, 2005). Importance of nutritionary treasures of fast farthermoste was alike collapsed by exploreers (Nayga Jr, 1997, O Dougherty et al. , 2006). Further to this, Brown et al (2000) overly express the richness of arrest nutritional requirements and fast aliment for youngsters.The preceding(prenominal) discussion asserts the greatness of concord or studying the fast food organization. This speech allow for use the context of fast food industry and will analyze dynamics of organizational behaviour in the said context. 1-3 Aim of the Dissertation Research This interrogation counselinges on analysis of the perception of employees slightly dissimilar dynamics of organizational behaviour in fast food industry of Pakistan. The fast food industry is growing rapidly in Pakistan. It in unifieds mushroom growth of twain(prenominal) international and national fast food chains in motley part of the country. This phenomenal growth gained hump in 1993 and since then it has been un summateed. The various imensions of organizational behaviour envisaged for this address search acknowledge organizational agri assimilation, variegate dynamics, customer druthers, leading dynamics, rewards and recognition, job characteristics, sane treatment, training and work environment. 1-4 Fast Food Industry of Pakistan the Context In contrast to past, where the hotels and restaurants were serving traditional and local anesthetic food, the trend is now shifting towards occidental meals e oddly fast food. The fast and busy life of residents of Pakistan is leading to more and more people dining out. Now-a- age, one can come on fast food and fast food restaurants in all split of the country. plurality can find fast-food literally e genuinely where. Hospitals ar serving fast-food. ace can stop at a nearby shopping centre.Gas Stations added separate portions which serve fast food. University, college and school cafeterias are crack fast food. angiotensin converting enzyme whitethorn find huge tugs of people in fast food restaurants on weekends. The Pakistans fast food market comprises of lout-shaped giants like Kentucky deep-fried Chicken (KFC) , pizza pie Hut, McDonalds, Hardees, and so forth In addition to these, Hilal heat up Chicken (HFC), Al-Najam Fried Chicken (AFC), Fried Chicks, Italian Pizza and many different small firms are in addition gaining popularity. bulk from all walks of life and from all ages are visiting these restaurants. in spite of its nutritional value, the fast food is also becoming a status symbol.According to Health and Integrated regard (2009), the average spending of a folk on food and cogitate is nearly 44 percent of the total spending. Moreover, the existence of Pakistan has exceeded 170 million. This large size of existence spending huge sum of coin on their food and colligate item holds fast food sector real a lucrative area for investment. Pingali (2007) also reported that in Asian people are increasely using westward food and this trend is also influencing the food steering system in this country. One of the trends out of this occidentalization of food in Asia is the outburst of fast-food restaurants in Asian countries. 1-5 Research Questions of DissertationThe attainment of above verbalize enquiry aim requires answering number of explore questions. These inquiry questions are given hereafter 1) What is the employees perception of culture of fast food restaurants of Pakistan? 2) What is the employees perception of variety show dynamics of fast food restaurants of Pakistan? 3) What is the employees perception of customer druthers of fast food restaurants of Pakistan? 4) What is the employees perception of drawship dynamic of fast food restaurants of Pakistan? 5) What is the employees perception of rewards and recognition of fast food restaurants of Pakistan? 6) What is the employees perception of job characteristics of fast food restaurants of Pakistan? ) What is the employees perception of delightful treatment with employees among fast food restaurants of Pakistan? 8) What is the employees perception of training among fast food restaur ants of Pakistan? 9) What is the employees perception of work environment among fast food restaurants of Pakistan? For severally of the above mentioned enquiry question, query objectives are developed which are give in the following part. 1-6 Research Objectives of Dissertation In order to achieve query aim and answering interrogation questions, various research objectives were developed. These are found on selection of nine occasions that have been identified from the literary works. It is envisaged that the disseration would encompass following research objectives ) To analyze the employees perception of culture of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. 2) To analyze the employees perception of change dynamics of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. 3) To analyze the employees perception of customer predilection of fast food restaurants of Pakistan 4) To analyze the employees perception of leadership dynamic of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. 5) To analyze the employees perc eption of rewards and recognition of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. 6) To analyze the employees perception of job characteristics of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. 7) To analyze the employees perception of decent(a) treatment with employees among fast food restaurants of Pakistan ) To analyze the employees perception of training among fast food restaurants of Pakistan 9) To analyze the employees perception of work environment among fast food restaurants of Pakistan. 1-7 Nature of Research Output and Final Outcome of Dissertation The accomplishment of this dissertation will facilitate organizational decision makers, particularly the senior counsel, in ontogeny an understanding of various factors which are perceived to be central dimensions of organizational behaviour. This understanding could serve as a primer for various insights close to evaluating their (senior management) online endeavours and subsequent decision making.By on the job(p) on various dimensions of o rganizational behaviour, an organization can improve employees comfort take aim with the organization which has direct link organizational performance and pro prospectability. The final outcome of the dissertation is a reduced list of factors which will be regarded as more pregnant by the employees. The dissertation research involves initiationation of a number of factors from literary productions which are perceived to be the determinants of organization behaviour. These variables are reduced to few factors by using factor analysis. 1-8 Structure of the Thesis This dissertation comprises of six chapters. At the outset of for each one chapter, the trigger of the chapter is given.Similarly, each chapter ends with conclusion of the chapter. This component reveals a brief snapshot of each chapter. Chapter 1- Introduction of Dissertation Aims and Objectives of Dissertation This was the archetypical chapter of the dissertation. This chapter emphasized the importance of studying organizational behaviour and importance of fast food industry. It also put forth the research aims and objectives. This chapter ended while elaborating the final outcome of the dissertation research and overall structure of the dissertation. Chapter 2 Review of Academic and studious Literature This chapter will contribute the lit on importance of studying organizational behaviour.It will elaborate all the constructs (organizational culture, change dynamics, customer preference, leadership dynamics, rewards and recognition, job characteristics, fair treatment, training and work environment) and related variables. It would also contribute an overview of global fast food industry with a particular accent mark on why it should be studied. This chapter will extract variables that will serve as the primer of development of theoretic material. Chapter 3 Theoretical honkwork This chapter will be conjugated with forward chapter (Review of Academic and intellectual Literature) and will present the theoretical good example developed for this dissertation. It would dictate the methodological analysis and associated areas of research.Chapter 4 Methodology This chapter will contribute the expand of various research techniques which will be apply for accomplishment of the dissertation research. miscellaneous sections that will be presented in this chapter will include population selection and ingest design, questionnaire development, pre-testing and pi haulageing, overview of statistical techniques and other connected issues. Chapter 5 Findings and Discussion This chapter will present findings ground on the dissertation research. These findings will be linked with the dissertation research objectives. Chapter 6 Conclusion, Limitations and Future Research Areas This will be the last chapter of the dissertation and would contribute conclusion, limitations and succeeding(a) research areas. 1-9 Chapter SummaryThis chapter highlighted the overall aim of the d issertation and associated research objectives. It exerted the importance of understanding of organizational behaviour and identified various constructs which will be studied during the personal line of credit of research. This chapter also contributed a snapshot of final outcome of the dissertation research and overall structure of the dissertation. The next chapter will contribute literature review on organizational behaviour and associated constructs. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF ACADEMIC AND SCHOLARLY LITERATURE The last chapter gave the introduction of the dissertation. This chapter presents review of literature on various constructs which are root word of discussion of this dissertation.These include culture, change, customer orientation, rewards and recognition, leadership/supervision, fair treatment of employees, job characteristics, training and work environment. The chapter starts with the importance of understanding and studying organizational behaviour and ends with the conclus ion. 2-1 Organizational Behaviour An Imperative issue for Businesses Adler and Gundersen (2008) suggested that present era is observing a high level of transition from one pillow slip of general and business practices to others. Kaplan and Norton (2001) suggested that in such hostile and dynamic environment, organizations attack to perform soften strategies as compared to their rivals. The hear to perform cleanse than rivals is to work break down strategies as compared to the competitors firms.The organizations, in an attempt to contest in the industrial age, attempt to formulate and apply knowledge based strategies yet it has parcel of challenges. In contrast to the previous century, where the environmental change is incremental, the current era is characterized by a rapid change in organizations environment. Saint-Onge (1999) commented on organizations abilities and suggested that in the wake of such flying change, the key to shine out of the crowd is to be better inform ed as compared to your return- move. Further to this, Kennerley and Neely (2003) stick uped this base and suggested that the dynamism of environment requires organizations to continuously change the of course of action so as to match with the situation.Katz and Kahn (1978), long ago, referred to organizations as open systems. They barely exerted that cosmos an open system the organizations move with the external environment and takes figure out from the happenings in the external environment. Earlier, Thompson (1967) contributed similar idea. The work of Garg et al. (2003) suggested that these environmental concerns are in issue of antiquated importance for the organization decision makers particularly top management. Consequently, the changes in the external environment are closely monitored and their possible lure on the organization is also gauged. In the present propagation, the size of businesses is increasing.This brings additional challenges for the organizations as it also damps in change in self-will and management pattern of the organization. Increasingly, the ownership and management of the organization is getting distinct. Organizations, being governed by the managers, instead of owners exerted that managers and employees are of the essence(p) stakeholders of the enterprise. They are the one who make important decision making nigh the enterprises resources. Moreover, they are the one who directs the operative of the organization in sealed(p) directions so as to enable its last-ditch social occasion, the mission. Mintzberg (1980) regarded that organizations are coordinated units where people tend to synchronize their work with each other so as to make incumbent joint adjustment.Further to this, the work of Cartwright (1965) also highlighted the features of organizations as a collection of related people who are put together in such a way that they have certain level of dependence on each other. All of these people, if inter preted together, solvents in the upright organization. The behaviour of the people in the form of their contribution towards attainment of organization goal is important. such behaviour is often controlled and forecasted by the organizational decision makers. The working of people, their behaviour and the influence of behaviour on the organizational performance constitute organizational behaviour (OB). The study of organizational behaviour encompasses variety of areas that has to be studied.These include work stress, motivation, leader behaviour, group structure and processes, change process and job and work design (Bigelow et al. , 1999). A number of management studies revealed bullocky arbitrary association in the midst of OB and organizational productivity. Hansen and Wernerfelt (1989) revealed that as compared to economic indicators of organizational performance, the factors associated with organizational behaviour have twice as much explanatory power as much the economic variables. OB highlights both(prenominal) problems and new advantageous vistas for enterprises. It identifies issues like workforce diversity and offers solutions to manage it. OB has been kinda influential in increasing the level of employees performance.It also guides managers to design jobs and oeuvre in such a way as to facilitate achievement of organizational goals and objectives and reduce job stress (Robbins, 1998). 2-2 build Definitions The general understanding of the constructs and their various dimensions studied are given under each construct definition. 2-2-1 Culture It refers to a widespread understanding of organizational value system by the people who form organization (Becker, 1982). As a concept, it has roots in social anthropology and has been extensively use to understand the behaviour of uninstructed societies (Kotter, 1992). It is concerned more or less the partingd traditions and customs of an organization and organizational members whole step around these. Organizations should hire those persons that match with the organizational culture.If hiring is not aligned with organizational culture, it would lead to decrease in motivation and payload of the hired (Reilly et al. , 1991). Misfit employees have more swage than individuals who perceive a good fit (Sheridan, 1992). It has been widely apply as incorporate or organizational culture. The work of Denison (1984) and Furnham (1993) suggested that organizational culture can be used to achieved economic success. For this organization assume to have a work force loyalty towards various dimensions of organization culture including core values, beliefs and assumptions. This idea was make headwayed by Hofstede (1980). Moreover, helping hand (1982) suggested that strong organizational culture is an important determinant of organizational performance.For the dissertation, the construct culture is broken down into various variables including inter-group work coordination, intra-Gro up work coordination, biasness, people orientation, and conception and risk-taking (OReilly Iii et al. , 1991, Chatman and Jehn, 1994). Tjosvold et al. (1992) suggested that creating a culture in which people at same management level coordinates with each other is a difficult task however, it is critical for the organization. This issue becomes more important if the environment is turbulent. Beer et al. (1994) also highlighted that in the wake of changing external environment, the success of a change management program depends on the extent of coordination between various functional departments as well between various management levels.Similarly, Lemons and Jones (2001) and Meyer and smith (2000) suggested that if any organization ensures transparency in its systems specially promotion, it would increase the commitment of employees with the organization. They suggested that contempt the fact that every year companies spend lot of bills in ensuring fair treatment with its employ ees the biasness in promotion is however an imperative issue. Kaplan and Ferris (2001) suggested that if employees find problem in organizations promotion system, it would pull up perceived organizational injustice. Koys (1991)suggested that organizations must nourish transparency in promotion as it is a legal requirement. 2-2-2 Change Dynamic environment requires organizations to continuously update them as per the call for of the environment.Hall (1987) suggests that typically organizations do not prefer to change themselves and if they are pose to change, they show massive resistance. Organizations survival depends on its ability to manage change. Similarly, an organizations success or failure depends on the things its employees do or fail to do. There are a number of changes that takes place in an organizational set. This include change taking place in terms of social value system, educational change, political, technological, environmental, market, business, economical an d religious, etc. For the heading of the dissertation research, various dimensions of change that has been interconnected for study include acceptance of change by individual, acceptance of change by senior management and recognize of change.Paterson and Cary (2002) highlighted that change management programs settlement in anxiety among employees. Iverson (1996) suggested that if an organization facilitates its employees during the times when a change is brought in, it would offspring in positive influence on organization. Kavanagh and Ashkanasy (2006) suggested that if senior management rears leadership in change management, it would facilitate change implementation and acceptance by employees. 2-2-3 Customer Orientation Consumers/customers are at the heart of organizations. Traditional concept of customers delight and customers being the profit centre is transforming into customer delight. Nowadays, the uyers are equipped with more education and are better aware in liken ess to the past. They have variety of methods through which buyers can check organizational assertions and thus can make an informed decision (Urban, 2003). Customers ever so try to maximize their value commonly regarded as customers perceived value. It can be obtained by comparing a customers view most the benefits that he derives from a product and all associated addresss that he incurred for obtaining that product. It also includes cost of foregoing related options. Those organizations which provide better value to its customers as compared to its rivals have sex high level of customer loyalty.This idea was substantiated by Hennig-Thurau (2004) who suggested that if an organization improves the customer orientation of its service employees, it would result in increase customer satisfaction. This would result in sweetener of customers commitment and organization would be better able to retain these customers. Brady and Cronin (2001) highlighted that if the employees maintain customer orientation, it would influence the perception of the customers towards quality of the products and go produced by the organization. So, that makes a strong heading that organizations should centering on creation and provision of relatively better value to its customers (Learning, 1998).Shapiro (1988) suggested that customer orientation contends that customer related study should be transmitted at all levels across the organization. It should then be used in the strategic management and for tactical decision. Similarly, Kohli (1990) exerted that customer orientation deals with the extent to which information about the buyers is gathered and incorporated in decision making. similarly, Ruekert (1992) come alonged this idea. The significance of customer orientation can be witnessed from its high recognition in management literature. Similarly, the work of Narver and woodlouse (1990) and Jaworski and Kohli (1993) substantiated that customer orientation brings economic be nefits to an organization. employees authorisation to provide high value service, customer feedback system and customer center processes were used to evaluate customer orientation construct for this dissertation research. 2-2-4 Rewards and Recognition Despite the fact that in day to day life both recognition reliable from the management and the rewards given to an employee are used interchangeably yet both are not the same (Hansen et al. , 2002). The area has attracted a lot of discussion and had been topic of lot of research papers (Cooley and Lawrence, 2006, McDermott and ODell, 2001, Bessant and Francis, 1999, Johnson, 1996). However, it is regretful that despite a lot of attention in academician and donnish literature, the traces of concept in business world are scarce.The secern of use of rewards and recognition in developing employees motivation development is still not very evident. As a result of this, such organizational initiatives did not prove very fruitful. The wo rk of Lewis (1998) and Parasuraman (1987) suggested that an organization can improve the quality of its service offering by linking the same with rewards that it offers to its employees. The same was also corroborated by Kotler (1999). Similar evidence muster from the work of Bowen (1999) who suggested that if employees were given rewards then they would have enhanced focus in managing the customers complaints. Its a common phenomenon that one will feel dissatisfied if he/she is not rewarded or recognized for his/her good work.Monetary rewards are regarded as one of the top rated motivators (Locke et al. , 1980). bills is the mean which provides employees an opportunity of satisfying numerous desire. In addition to this, money can also act as a barometer through which an employee evaluate his worth in comparison with other employees who serve with them (Doyle, 1992). Moreover, money is not important to all employees. According to Maslow (1943), human beings have variety of needs c ategorized into various groups. He further exerted that high achievers are intrinsically motivated. For the purpose of this dissertation, the provision of Monetary and Non-Monetary Rewards were used.Where monetary rewards basically takes the form of money, Govindarajulu and Daily (2004) suggested that non-monetary rewards takes various forms including appreciation, paid-vacation, favorite(a) parking space, time-off from normal working in the office, etc. 2-2-5 Leadership/Supervision Yukl (1994) highlighted that the concept of leadership gained a lot of prominence through-out the century. Despite the fact that there a variety of leadership definitions are in place (Bass, 1990) yet the underlying substance behind all of them is that it is meant to influence to influence organizational members towards attainment of goals and objectives of the enterprise.The leaders and founders of the organizations are also influential in setting the overall value systems and in geological formatio n the culture of the enterprise (Schneider, 1987, Schein, 1990). Managers use globe strategic management process to light upon and select appropriate goals and actions for the organization (Chandler, 1962). determine the organizations mission and goals is the first step of the planning process. Once the mission and goals are agreed upon and formally verbalised in the corporate plan, they guide the next steps by defining which strategies are appropriate and which are inappropriate (Pearce, 1992). The organizations mission, objectives, strategies and tactics must be communicated to everyone.Therefore, it is the responsibility of the supervisors that they should ensure that all efforts had been do in communicating targets, matters of importance and urgency, good foul specifications, words of advice and motivation along with performance related feedback. Friendly and accommodating supervisors yield more satisfied and motivated employees. 2-2-6 Fair Treatment of Employees People exe rt power and try to influence each other when they work in group. They try to find ways to influence others, earn rewards and make careers (Culbert and McDonough, 1980). They viewing or attempt to exhibit political behaviours to persuade the distributions of privileges and punishments (Mintzberg, 1984). Organizations protect the rights of all employees. It leads to respectful working relationships among employees, inculcates sense of ownership and provides a fair dispute resolve system.If a person is not tough fairly, he will feel betrayed. It would peradventure result in employees de-motivation and will adversely affect his/her performance. Perception about fairness of disciplinary actions, proper assignation of training opportunities, fair dispute endurance and mutual trust was included in this construct. Collier and Esteban (2007) suggested that if an organization treats its employee fairly, it would increase employee commitment with the organization and is an indicator th at organization is fulfilling its corporate social responsibility. Engelbrecht et al. (2008) highlighted that in the present days the organizations have deputed a very assorted workforce.This diversity has lead to significant list of conflicts in the organization. This demands that managers must treat all the employees fairly irrespective of their gender, age, ethnic background, etc. 2-2-7 Job Characteristics Employees adopt attitudes and behaviours towards their jobs on the basis of social information processing (Salancik and Pfeffer, 1978). People have the ability to adjust their attitudes and behaviour on the basis of their perception about the changing nature of job. Moreover, employees develop mental contracts about their jobs that set out what management expects from the employees, and vice versa (Robinsons et al. , 1994).These physiological contracts, being an important determinant of employees behaviour should be understandably communicated to employees (Schein, 1980). Sk ill variety, task identicalness, task significance, autonomy and feedback proposed by Hackman and Oldham (1976) were used to observe job characteristics for the purpose of this dissertation. According to Morris and Venkatesh (2010), the job characteristics are powerfully associated with job satisfaction and organization performance so organization must focus on job design and characteristics. Similarly, wood (2008) suggested job characteristics are often snub while looking at job satisfaction.He suggested that organization must not dismiss it as it is strongly associated with job satisfaction. 2-2-8 Training Organizations are inefficient because they are managed by inefficient persons. Inefficient employees yield write down productivity and hence lower efficiency. It results in lower profitability and hence lower investment in Human Resources. This results into a vicious circle of inefficiency (Fani, 2005). Similarly, the work of Bettencourt (1996), Lewis (1998) and Yavas (1998 ) out forth that organization must focus on training its lower level employees not only to improve their technical capacity but also in improving the interpersonal skills of the employees.These skills would held them in make out with changing requirements of the buyers of products and services, handled different and complex personalities and adjusting themselves accord to the situation so as to enable them deliver enhanced value to the buyers. Boshoff (2000) exerted the training of employees and highlighted that if the employees are not equipped with relevant technical and behavioural skills, they would be unable to deliver competitive service and it would result in high level of customers grievance. This was further corroborated by Bitner (1990) who reported that around 43 percent of the complaints from dissatisfied customers were the outcome of the unequal to(p) people handlings customers affairs.Even, competent and practised employees wear upont remain competent and skilled forever. Due to increasing competition, technological changes and quest for ameliorate production process, job roles changes and so does the required skills. Organizations all over the world spend billions each year on employees training. The money is generally used to break employees, provide them with opportunities to learn new things so that they can do their job better and enhance their future career. Individualization of training programs increases their effectiveness (Kolb, 1976). Training Need Analysis, and Previously taken training were used to measure this construct.According to Dysvik and Kuvaas (2008), if an organization gives an employee training opportunities, the employee would not learn new things but would also become loyal and committed to the organizations. both of these things will positively influence the organizations performance. Similarly, Schmidt (2007) suggested that if the employees of an organization are satisfied are with the workplace learning and for mal training provided to them, it would positively influence their job satisfaction. 2-2-9 Work Environment Nature of Job, physical environment and work space and characteristics of job can influence an employees work behaviour. Evidence indicates that even relatively modest variations in temperature, noise, lighting, or air quality can exert appreciable effects on employee performance and attitudes (Bell et al. , 1990).For instance, an increase in temperature can adversely affect both physical (Bell et al. , 1982) and mental performance of a person (Fine and Kobrick, 1978). Similarly, uncertain noise interferes with an employees ability to trim back and pay attention (Baron, 1994). Loud and freakish noises also tend to increase excitation and led to reduced job satisfaction (Bell et al. , 1990). Furthermore, right intensity of light is related with task difficulty and required verity (Wineman, 1982). Workplace Cleanliness, Temperature, Ergonomics, Lighting and internal respir ation, and workplace safety were used in the dissertation for this construct.Biswas and Varma (2007) suggested that the firms should provide safe and firm working environment to its employees. It would give employees a comfort factor in the organization and they become more productive employees. Peek-Asa et al. (2007) suggested that organization should ensure that it has a comprehensive workplace security program 2-3 Summary This chapter put forth the review of academic and scholarly literature on the dissertation area. It suggests that organizations are in a constant state of flux. External environment triggers organizational change. Such change in the organizations exerts their continuous study so as to observe the related phenomena. OB involves studying influence of people and their behaviour on organizations.The research in the domain of organizational behaviour encompasses research into variety of associated areas. These include work stress, motivation, leader behaviour, group structure and processes, change process and job and work design. A number of management studies revealed that there is a strong relationship between organizational behaviour and organizational performance. This chapter offers review of literature of various constructs. These constructs includes culture, change, customer orientation, rewards and recognition, leadership, fair treatment, job characteristics, training and work environment. The next chapter will give the theoretical framework of the dissertation. CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE DISSERTATIONThis chapter will contribute the theoretical framework for this dissertation research. It would use the literature contributed in the preceding chapter and will put forward the proposed sit. 3-1 Theoretical Underpinnings Rationale Thompson (1967) and Katz and Kahn (1978) suggested that organizations are open systems. They further exerted that being an open system the organizations interact with the external environment and ta kes influence from the happenings in the external environment. Garg et al. (2003) argued that these environmental concerns are in issue of primitive importance for the organization decision makers specially top management. Presently, the size of businesses is increasing.This brings additional challenges for the organizations as it may result in change in ownership and management pattern of the organization. Increasingly, the ownership and management of the organization is getting distinct. Organizations, being governed by the managers, instead of owners exerted that managers and employees are important stakeholders of the enterprise. They are the one who make important decision making about the enterprises resources. Moreover, they are the one who directs the working of the organization in certain directions so as to enable its ultimate purpose, the mission. Mintzberg (1980) regarded that organizations are coordinated units where people tend to synchronize their work with each other so as to make necessary mutual adjustment.Similarly, the work of Cartwright (1965) also highlighted the features of organizations as a collection of related people who are put together in such a way that they have certain level of dependence on each other. All of these people, if taken together, results in the full organization. The manner of the people in the form of their contribution towards attainment of organization goal is important. Such behavior is often controlled and forecasted by the organizational decision makers. The working of people, their behavior and the influence of behavior on the organizational performance constitute organizational behavior (OB). The study of organizational behavior encompasses variety of areas that has to be studied.These include work stress, motivation, leader behavior, group structure and processes, change process and job and work design (Bigelow et al. , 1999). A number of management studies revealed strong positive association between OB a nd organizational productivity. Hansen and Wernerfelt (1989) revealed that as compared to economic indicators of organizational performance, the factors associated with organizational behaviour have twice as much explanatory power as much the economic variables. OB highlights both problems and new advantageous vistas for enterprises. It identifies issues like workforce diversity and offers solutions to manage it. OB has been quite influential in increasing the level of employees performance.It also guides managers to design jobs and workplace in such a way as to facilitate achievement of organizational goals and objectives and reduce job stress (Robbins, 1998). 3-2 Research Aims and Objectives 1 3-2-1 Background Discussion The fast food industry is growing rapidly in Pakistan. It incorporates mushroom growth of both international and national fast food chains in various parts of the country. This phenomenal growth gained prominence in 1993 and since then it has been unmatched. Accor ding to Economic Review (1998), fast food restaurants are smashing in Pakistan. This upsurge of fast food restaurants is the results of rapidly changing culture of Pakistan and ever high level of globalization which brought western value system to Pakistan.The life way of life of Pakistani people is becoming busier and busier. This go forth with very less time for cooking at home. At lunch times, people are using instant or fast foods. Similarly, Pakistanis have now easier bother to western food. A large number of national and international fast food chains are opening a number of outlets all over the Pakistan. Initially, these fast food outlets were restricted to large and/or major cities of Pakistan, including federal and provincial capitals yet presently there operations have also been extended to other cities. 2 3-2-2 Research Aims This section deals with the presentation of dissertation aims and objectives.The main purpose of this research, as envisaged in chapter one of th is dissertation, was the analysis of the perception of employees about various dynamics of organizational behavior in Fast food industry of Pakistan. The various dimensions of organizational behavior envisaged for this dissertation research include organizational culture, change dynamics, customer orientation, leadership dynamics, rewards and recognition, job characteristics, fair treatment, training and work environment. For each of these dimensions, research objectives were developed. The achievement of these research objectives would ensure the fulfilment of overall research aim. The research model is presented here under pic externalise 3-1 The Dissertation Model depict 3-1 gives the theoretical framework for dissertation research.It shows that culture, change, customer orientation, rewards and recognition, supervision and leadership, fair treatment, job characteristics, training and work design are the factors that influence organization behavior. 3 3-2-3 Research Objectives The overall aim of the dissertation is broken down into various research objectives. The research objectives of this dissertation are linked to nine constructs. The selection of these nine constructs is the result of the review of academic and scholarly literature which was given in the second chapter of this dissertation. This section highlights research objectives along with the various variables which would be used to capture the perception of employees about various organizational dynamics.The research objectives along with extracted variables in diagrammatic form are given here under Research Objective 1 To explore the employees perception of culture of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. pic figure 3-2 Variables of Culture wee innovation 3-2 gives the operable definition of the Culture construct. These variables would be the field of view of motion through questionnaire. Research Objective 2 To explore the employees perception of change dynamics of fast food restaurants o f Pakistan. pic figure out 3-3 Variables of Change Construct Figure 3-3 gives the operable definition of the Change construct. These variables would be the check of inquiry through questionnaire.Research Objective 3 To explore the employees perception of customer orientation of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. pic Figure 3-4 Variables of Customer Orientation Construct Figure 3-4 gives the practicable definition of the Customer Orientation construct. These variables would be the subject of inquiry through questionnaire. Research Objective 4 To explore the employees perception of leadership dynamic of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. pic Figure 3-5 Variables of Supervision & Leadership Construct Figure 3-5 gives the running(a) definition of the Supervision and Leadership construct. These variables would be the subject of inquiry through questionnaire.Research Objective 5 To explore the employees perception of rewards and recognition of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. pic Figure 3-6 Variables of Rewards and Recognition Construct Figure 3-6 gives the practicable definition of the Rewards and Recognition construct. These variables would be the subject of inquiry through questionnaire. Research Objective 6 To explore the employees perception of fair treatment with employees among fast food restaurants of Pakistan pic Figure 3-7 Variables of Fair Treatment Construct Figure 3-7 gives the operational definition of the Fair Treatment construct. These variables would be the subject of inquiry through questionnaire.Research Objective 7 To explore the employees perception of job characteristics of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. pic Figure 3-8 Variables of Job Characteristics Construct Figure 3-8 gives the operational definition of the Job Characteristics construct. These variables would be the subject of inquiry through questionnaire. Research Objective 8 To explore the employees perception of training among fast food restaurants of Pakistan. pic Figure 3 -9 Variables of Training Construct Figure 3-9 gives the operational definition of the Training construct. These variables would be the subject of inquiry through questionnaire. Research Objective 9 To explore the employees perception of work environment among fast food restaurants of Pakistan. picFigure 3-10 Variables of Work Environment Construct Figure 3-10 gives the operational definition of the Work environment construct. These variables would be the subject of inquiry through questionnaire. 3-4 Summary This chapter gave the theoretical framework of the dissertation. This chapter linked the research aims and objectives with each other and also contributed the Dissertation model. Moreover, this chapter further linked each construct with the variables which have been deployed in order to operationalize each construct. The next chapter will give methodology of dissertation. CHAPTER 4 DESIGN, METHODOLOGY AND METHOD(S) OF DISSERTATION RESEARCHIn continuance to the previous chapter, which contributed the theoretical framework of the research, the current chapter will deal with the conduct of dissertation research. Major areas covered in the this chapter will be the selection of type of research, selection of population and sample size and have procedure, development of information collection puppet and certain conduct of research. 4. 1 Nature of Research Endeavours In this section, the type of research will be highlighted. As it was suggested in the dissertation proposal, this research not only involves secondary research but also old research. For secondary research, a expand literature review was conducted using Universitys library resources along with world-wide-web.Specifically, Google scholar and Emerald insight were quite influential in identifying brisk literature in the area of organizational behavior and related constructs. It enabled the dissertation view to be aware of the relevant domain of body of knowledge. Similarly, the unproblematic r esearch was conducted so as to capture the perceptions of employees about organizational behavior of fast food restaurants. There are number of methods that can be move for the conduct of prime research including personal observation, interviewing, field suss out, street ethonography, etc. The main method employed for the conduct of primary research was field check out.Primary research is advocated as compared to secondary research because primary research has more relevance to the issue as compared to secondary research. Further to this, the information generated can also be betrothed in primary research and also provides direct and hands-on access to the issue. However, it generally entails more time and resources. It also requires narrow down skills in designing the certain conform to and subsequent analysis of the data. 4. 2 Type of Research This section would describe the type of research enmeshed for this dissertation. For this, the typology suggested by barrel maker and Schindler (2006) was engaged. They put forth a miscellany scheme for categorization of variety of research.This mixed bag scheme include variables including data collection strategy, influence of the researchers in varying the research situation, respondents viewpoint about the research, points of time on which data was sorted from the respondents, prior crystallizing of the research issue. On the basis of above mentioned criteria, the present dissertation is regarded as a descriptive research. This is advocated because of greater extent of watch crystal of issue in hand. In primary research, a questionnaire was given to the fast food employee in order to tap their responses. This do this research as a communicating sort. Moreover, the questionnaire was administered in the fast food restaurants and no deviation was made in the actual daily routine of the fast food employees.Consequently, the research design is ex touch facto. Further to this, it is an inferential research as the insights originating from the survey will be infer on fast food employees population. Moreover, it is a cross sectional research as the data was poised once. A field survey is a method of data collection in which the research goes into the actual place where the respondents, or items from which data is to be collected, are present. Cooper and Schindler (2006) advocated the use of survey for data collection. There are number of reasons for this. For instance, the field surveys are less gaga as compared to research lab experiments and stimulation.It is because the data is collected from actual field setting and is relatively reliable. In addition to this, in field surveys the surveyors reach respondents in their actual routines and own settings. In this situation, the respondents do not find any deviation and the response are highly valid. Further to this, in field surveys the surveyor has less control on the data collection whereas in simulation and laboratory experiments this is more. 4. 3 Reference to Sampling Frame This section would cover issues related to sampling. declivity of sample refers to selection of a subset from the survey population. (Dr. Hani, 2010). Heckman (1979) and Emory (1980) advocated selection of such a subset on a number basis.For example, in lot of instances it is virtually impossible or very difficult to access all the members of population. Moreover, it would also be cumbersome to reach all members, attract lot of financial resources and time. On the contrary, selecting a sample would save lot of time and money. Studying a sample would be less cumbersome as compared to studying entire population. However, Heckman (1979) suggested that such sample should have the same attributes as that of population. 4. 4 Population Attributes and Sampling Design This section would contribute the details about the population attributes. The population of this research encompasses all those people who are working in fast food chain.Fast f ood restaurants are those food manufacturers and sellers who serve food in last then 20 minutes. No reference has been made to the age, gender or to some other demographic characteristics. The questionnaire employed in this research also collected demographic characteristics of the employees. It would be used for generating secondary insights so as to share the context in which research was carried out. The targeted population was employees of fast food restaurants of Pakistan. A convenience based, snow eyeball sampling technique was used to go on the sample. Goodman (1961), Frank and Snijders (1994) and Kaplan et al. (1987) advocated the use of snow ball sampling.This refers to a situation in which the coveted characteristics of the population are scarce. In addition to getting information from sampling unit about themselves, they are requested to share information about other sampling units so that they can be accessed. Data was collected from three cities of Punjab which are L ahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot. The data collection instrument also collected the designation of the respondents yet during the initial stages of the survey respondents show that they were not very well-provided with revealing their identity. This is because of the particular nature of the research topic. It was decided not to emphasize on this question. So, the designation related data was taken out of the analysis.However, on a broad spectrum, the employees interviewed for this dissertation include people who were engaged in cooking food, in-house serving staff, delivery-men and counter staff. Majority of these respondents belong to the restaurants in the posh localities. This is because of the fact that these restaurants exist in the form of a cluster in selected cities. 4. 5 Decision on Sample Size This section will share insights about sample selection. A sample of 100 fast-food retailers was taken for this research. In taking this decision, cost and time considerations were k ept in mind. both(prenominal) of these issues and geographical distance, constrain the selection of a larger sample size.However, the factor loading technique (the main data analysis technique) is not confined to any specific sample size. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequateness is a test that would be engaged to check the appropriateness of sample. Garson (2010) shared insights on deciding about the sample size for factor analysis. The sample size of this dissertation is consistent with his suggestions. 4. 6 Characteristics of Data Collection Instrument A customized questionnaire was developed for this research. The questionnaire has two parts. First part captures responses of the fast food employees about their perception about organizational behavior.To facilitate the respondents, the questions were grouped on the basis of constructs. Part two of this questionnaire collects information about the demographic profile of the respondents. The questionnaire actually star ted with military greeting and reveals the core aim of the research. It also introduced the dissertation candidate and his academic affiliation. The cover scalawag of the questionnaire also shares the method of responding questionnaire by heavy(p) an illustration. The dissertation specifically revealed that the collected information would only be used for academic purpose and results will be let on in group. The respondents were thanked in anticipation for their support in accomplishing this research. 4. Pre-Testing the Data Collection Instrument to begin with the actual start of the field survey, it was important to ensure that data collection instrument should bear certain characteristics. These include brevity, clarity and focus on the issue. Before the actual launch of survey, 3 questionnaires were given to actual respondents and were evaluated for desired characteristics. Certain insights related to use of words, questions sequence and length of questionnaire was adjusted. The questionnaire was improved and launched. The addition of survey filling way was an attempt to improve the conduct of the survey. 4. 8 Field Survey and Data Collection Primary and Secondary ResearchAt the start of this research, it was envisaged that completion of this dissertation will require both secondary and primary research. Journals, magazine, online databases and library resources were quite influential. So far primary data was concerned a soft copy of questionnaire was send to the managers of fast food restaurants. The managers of fast food chain were requested to support in accomplishment of dissertation by cooperating in stack away data. The managers were requested to arrange prints of them and share those with employees. The employees alter those questionnaires and retuned them to managers. The managers, on request of dissertation candidate, deputed an employee and get those entered in SPSS and emailed those back to dissertation candidate.As the questionnaires wer e to be returned to the organizational representative instead of dissertat
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